Parallel studies

A parallel study of liquid-vapor equilibrium was reported by Bares et al. for thiazole-CCl4 and thiazole-C<,Hi2 binary mixtures (311). 

In a parallel study Goursot and Wadso (322) determined calorimetri-cally the free energies, enthalpies, and entropies of dissociation of the conjugate acids of thiazoles in aqueous media (Table 1-51). 

Haber and co-workers [1220] have made a parallel study of the reaction... 

Finally, in this section, we mention that Adcock and colleagues117 have determined o, and 6R values for several substituents including S02Me by studies of substituent chemical shifts in fluoronaphthalenes, and parallel studies with fluorobenzenes, in several solvents. The results are summarized in Table 10. The most significant finding appears to be the diminution in oR values as between the fluorobenzene and fluoronaphthalene probe for... 

In a parallel study Eng and Stoukides30 also reported A values up to five for this reaction and also detected the presence of trace C2 hydrocarbons in the effluent stream. Since YSZ is known to promote catalytically the oxidative coupling of CH4,32 the extent to which C2 hydrocarbons can be found in the products is dictated by the ratio of YSZ and Pt surfaces present in the reactor. 

Parallel studies on the cycloadditions of non-surfactant dienes 106 and 107 and the dienophile 108 (Figure 4.4), analogs of 97,103 and 98-100, respectively, show that the regioisomer adducts were, in this case, obtained in equal amounts, supporting the idea that orientational effects in micelles promote the regioselectivity of a Diels-Alder reaction of a surfactant diene and a surfactant dienophile. 

There are two main types of clinical trial design, parallel and cross-over. In a parallel study, subjects are assigned to one of two or more treatments, e.g. active and placebo, and proceed through the trial concurrently. In a cross-over design, subjects act as their own controls, undergoing two or more treatments in sequence (see Fig. 12.1). 

Parallel studies of extracts and mixtures of compounds isolated from ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., were also made. Water extracts of ragweed proved highly inhibitory of seed germination. Mixed sesquiterpenes isolated from ragweed were very inhibitory of onion, oat, ryegrass, and Palmer amaranth germination when applied in a dichloromethane solution pretreatment. 

Parallel studies by Tallent et al. [65] have employed AtT-20 cells transfected with the fi receptor which couples to an endogenously expressed inwardly rectifying K+ channel. Prolonged application of DAMGO to these cells also desensitizes the ability of opiates to potentate the K+ current. The desensitization of the fi receptor in AtT-20 cells did not involve changes in the ability of the K+ channel to be activated since GTP analogs perfused into the opiate-treated cells increased K+ currents to a similar extent as in drug naive cells. 

In a parallel study [100], it was shown that formamide, primary and secondary amines react with esters in the presence of potassium terf-butoxide under the action of microwave irradiation. Substituted amides are formed in yields (generally more than 70%) much higher than under the action of conventional heating (Eq. (48) and Tab. 3.22). 

WHI had two different arms. One included postmenopausal women with intact uterus randomly assigned to receive daily (Rossouw 2002). A parallel study randomized postmenopausal hysterectomized women to receive either placebo or 0.625 mg/d of CEE. The two studies included a total of 27,347 women. The study with nonhysterectomized women was interrupted prematurely, after a mean of 5 years of treatment, because health risks exceeded benefits. Among them an increase in invasive breast cancer was observed... 

Parallel studies were performed by Liu and Davison (1988), who investigated the process of chemisorption on inverse-supported catalysts, where the surface him is a semiconductor and the underlying support is a metal. Again a key parameter was found to be him thickness, and the substrate was observed to behave as either an acceptor or a donor, depending upon that thickness. The lack of charge self-consistency in this work was addressed by Sun et al (1994a), who also studied the effects of thickness and different metal constituents. 

Pharmacokinetics. All subchronic and chronic toxicity studies now incorporate (either in the study itself or in a parallel study) evaluation of the basic pharmacokinetics of a compound. This is discussed in detail in Chapter 18. 

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