Rayon, cellulose acetate textile

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

Plastics and Other Synthetic Products. Sulfur is used in the production of a wide range of synthetics, including cellulose acetate, cellophane, rayon, viscose products, fibers, and textiles. These uses may account for 2% of sulfur demand in developed countries. Sulfur intermediates for these manufacturing processes are equally divided between carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid. 

A rather impressive Hst of materials and products are made from renewable resources. For example, per capita consumption of wood is twice that of all metals combined. The ceUulosic fibers, rayon and cellulose acetate, are among the oldest and stiU relatively popular textile fibers and plastics. Soy and other oilseeds, including the cereals, are refined into important commodities such as starch, protein, oil, and their derivatives. The naval stores, turpentine, pine oil, and resin, are stiU important although their sources are changing from the traditional gum and pine stumps to tall oil recovered from pulping. 

This term was originally intended to denote all kinds of man-made textile fibres, but is now applied only to cellulose types. Viscose rayon (regenerated from a solution of cellulose xanthate in sodium hydroxide) accounts for the greater part of world rayon production. Acetate rayon and cuprammonium rayon are relatively unimportant. 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

Uses Solvent for celluloid, cellulose acetate, fats, oils, waxes, nitrocellulose and resins wood preservatives rayon and artificial leather imitation gold leaf extraction of resins and waxes in antifreeze mixtures and hydraulic fluids laboratory reagent preservative for animal tissue dyeing mixtures stripping agent for textiles. 

The natural fibers obtained from cotton, wood, flax, hemp, and jute all are cellulose fibers and serve as raw materials for the textile and paper industries. In addition to its use as a natural fiber and in those industries that depend on wood as a construction material, cellulose is used to make cellulose acetate (for making rayon acetate yarn, photographic film, and cellulose acetate butyrate plastics), nitric acid esters (gun cotton and celluloid7), and cellulose xanthate (for making viscose rayon fibers). The process by which viscose rayon is manufactured involves converting wood pulp or cotton Iinters into cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide ... 

Cellulose is the most abundant naturally oeeurring polysaccharide formed out of glucose-based repeat imits, connected by 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages. Cellulose and its derivatives are widely used as tough versatile materials. Cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose xanthate (rayon) can be easily molded or drawn into fibers for textile applications, for designing composite materials (safety glass), as thermoplastics etc [80]. 

For the purpose of conversion to textile fibers, dispersions or solutions of cellulose or its derivatives are achieved by various means, in order to make possible the extrusion of the fiber-forming material through the small orifices of the spinning jets. Wood pulps prepared for these and similar uses (such as the manufacture of cellophane) are known as dissolving pulps. The manufacture of dissolving pulps is a highly developed art, with processes protected by patents or, more effectively, within company files. The purification of sulfite pulps to a degree suitable for manufacture of textile rayon (90 to 94% alpha-cellulose), tire cord (94 to 9.5% alpha-cellulose), and cellulose acetate (9.5 to 90% alpha-cellulose) requires some kind of... 

TextUe filaments of cellulose acetate are classified as rayon, that term having been adopted for all manufactured textile fiber or yarn produced... 

Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing cellulosic fibers (including cellulose acetate and regenerated cellulose such as rayon by the viscose or cuprammonium process) in the form of monofilament, yarn, staple, or tow suitable for further manufacturing on spindles, looms, knitting machines, or other textile processing equipment. 

Cellulose acetate Doping for aircraft wings, safety film, synthetic textiles Rayon, Celanese, Tricel... 

The name rayon was officially adopted in 1924 by the National Retail Dry Goods Association. Prior to this, the fiber was called artificial silk, wood-silk, or viscose silk. On October 26, 1937, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) officially defined rayon as a textile fiber or yarn produced chemically from cellulose or with a cellulose base. This definition covered cuprammonium and viscose rayon as well as acetate fiber. To avoid confusion in the trade, FTC rules were adopted on December 11, 1951, which defined rayon as man-made textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose. A separate definition was adopted for acetate, man-made textile fibers and filaments composed of cellulose acetate. ... 

Camille and Henry Dreyfus developed the first commercial process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905 and commercialized the spinning of cellulose acetate fibers in 1924 in the United States. At that time, the only other human-made fiber was viscose rayon, which was still in its early stages of commercialization. The main textile fibers were natural fibers cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Cellulose triacetate textile fiber was commercialized later in the 1950s. The tremendous technical effort by the Dreyfus Brothers resulted in more than 300 patents describing such significant inventions as the dry-spinning process and disperse dyeing. 

The traditional market for cellulose acetate and triacetate fabrics is women s apparel. The appealing characteristics of silk-like softness that pleases the hand, comfort, attractiveness, and low cost account for the demand in textiles. Acetate yams are evenly divided between tricot-knit and woven constructions. Principal markets for women s apparel are dresses, blouses, lingerie, robes, and housecoats. Other textile markets are decorative household applications such as draperies, bedspreads, and casements. Acetate has replaced rayon as liner in men s suits and in nonapparel applications such as for curtains and caskets [82]. 

NFPA Health 1, Flammability 2, Reactivity 0 Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, oils, resins, waxes, fats, dyes, tars, lacquers, dopes, coatings, printing inks, wood preservatives, rayon, artificial leather, metal cleaning, cosmetics laboratory reagent hydraulic fluids textile stripping agent in food-pkg. adhesives Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 175.105... 

Various synthetic fibers appear in clothing, upholstery, and industrial uses. They are better known by commercial names, that hide their source and composition. Quite often a blend of natural and synthetic fibers is offered. The first man-made fibers (that still are of major use) are essentially based on a modification of natural cellulose. Most common in use are rayon (viscose) and cellulose-acetate (called acetate). The oldest synthetic polymer in the textile industry is the polyamide (Nylon 6-6) developed in 1935. Currently there are many synthetic fibers, like the following ... 

The potential of cellulose as reinforcing agent has been demonstrated by its many properties. Different cellulose resources provide different mechanical characteristics. Cellulose is, for example, the major constituent of cotton (over 94%) and wood (over 50%). Cotton and wood are the major resources for all cellulose products such as paper, textiles, construction materials, cardboard, as well as such cellulose derivatives as cellophane, rayon, and cellulose acetate. 

Acetate Rayon n. Cellulose acetate made from preswelling cellulose pulp with acetic acid followed by esterification with sulfuric acid-acetic anhydride mixture, the diacetate dissolved in acetone, the triacetate in methylene chloride and dry spun into fibers. Kadolph SJ, Langford AL (2001) Textiles. Pearson Education, New York. 

The natural polymers mentioned above are synthesized and grown into fibers by nature. Cotton, wool and silk are some examples. Wood is produced similarly, but not being in a form suitable for use as a textile fiber, it must be chemically modified to produce an appropriate solution, which can then be extruded into a fiber. Rayon and cellulose acetate are examples of this pro-cess.1 Synthetic materials, on the other hand, must be first polymerized into chains, by finking small molecules together end to end, and then extruded into fibers. Chains are built by either a condensation or an addition process. Nylon and polyester are examples of polymers synthesized by condensation, whereas polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon ) are some examples of polymers prepared by the addition process. 

Both rayon and acetate rayon are made from chemically modified cellulose and were the first commercially important synthetic textile fibers. In the production of rayon, cellulose fibers are treated with carbon disulfide, CSg, in aqueous sodium hydroxide. In this reaction, some of the —OH groups on a ceUulose fiber are converted to the sodium... 

The global supply of cellulose acetate fibers is controlled by a few companies. These companies produce both tow and textile fibers. Celanese Acetate holds 29% of the world supply. Voridian, a division of the Eastman Chemical Co., follows with a 24% share. The remaining 32% of supply is manufactured by Rhodia, Daicel, Mitsubishi Rayon, and Acordis. There has been a recent trend of these companies closing down their smaller flake-production units and getting their product from larger and more efficient locations (104). 

Appiications conversion products (e.g., cellophane, rayon, etc.), derivatives (e.g., cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, etc), fiber, medical (wound dressings, bandages), paper, reinforcement, textiles, thickeners, and many other ... 

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