Cellulosic textiles

Erifon A process for making cellulose textiles flame-resistant. Titanium and antimony oxychlorides are applied from acid solution and the cloth is then neutralized with sodium carbonate solution. Invented by Du Pont in 1947. See also Titanox FR. 

Titanox FR A process for making cellulose textiles flame-resistant by treating them with titanyl acetate chloride and antimony oxychloride. Invented in 1951 by W. F. Sullivan and I. M. Panik at the National Lead Company, New York. See also Erifon. 

Since their commercial introduction during the 1940s as components of proprietary detergents and laundry preparations, these products have found extensive usage in the whitening of paper and textile materials. Disperse FBAs are available for whitening hydrophobic fibres and solvent-soluble FBAs impart fluorescence to oils, paints, varnishes and waxes. Approximately 75% of commercially established FBAs are stilbene derivatives with inherent substantivity for paper and cellulosic textiles, but the remainder come from about twenty different chemical classes. These include aminocoumarins (6%), naphthalimides (3%), pyrazoles and pyrazolines (each about 2%), acenaphthenes, benzidine sulphones, stilbene-naphthotriazoles, thiazoles and xanthenes (each about 1%). FBAs of these and other chemical types are discussed in detail in Chapter 11 of Volume 2. 

Vat dyes in general have the disadvantage that reduction to a water-soluble form is necessary before application to cellulosic textiles. Traditionally sodium dithionite in alkaline solution serves as the reducing agent. An alternative sometimes used in vat printing is thiourea dioxide, which is converted into formamidine sulphinate in alkaline solution (section 12.9.1). 

Soil Release. The modification of the physical properties of cellulosic textile products, particularly by crosslinking or treatment with polymeric... 

Effect of Alkaline Deacidifying Agents on Naturally Aged Cellulosic Textiles... 

Alkaline-deaddifying-agent effect on naturally aged cellulosic textiles abrasion resistance of fabrics, 151,152r,153,154f accelerated aging procedure, 146 aqueous-extract pH of fabrics, 149,150r,151... 

Lloyd, A. O. (1968). The evaluation of rot resistance of cellulosic textiles, in Biodeterioration of Materials Microbial and Allied Aspects (A. H. Walters and J. J. Elphick, Eds.). Amsterdam Elsevier, 170-177. 

As shown by the practical application of oligoalkylhydridesiloxanes, surface treatment of clothing cellulose textiles yields certain effects, the most important of which are shrink resistance, crease resistance and hy-drophobicity. 

The modification of the properties of cotton cellulosic textile products, through free radical-initiated graft copolymerization reactions with vinyl monomers, has been investigated at the Southern Laboratory for a number of years (6, 9). In this chapter, we summarize the basic mechanisms and principles involved in free radical reactions of cellulose, initiated by high energy radiation, ceric ion in acidic solution, and aqueous solutions of ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide. Some of the properties of fibrous cotton cellulose graft copolymers are also presented. 

The question of paper permanence is concerned primarily with the stability of cellulose fibers. Pure cellulose in its native state is a very stable material. Cellulose textile fibers have been preserved under favorable conditions for long periods without loss of integrity. It has been observed that many papers manufactured 100 to 200 years ago from cotton or linen fibers have retained their essential usefulness. 

Celluloses are similar to other linear polymeric materials in that they can possess one-dimensional order within an individual chain as well as three-dimensional order within an aggregate of chains. Increments in the levels of order occur during the isolation of native celluloses and also as a result of exposure to conditions that promote molecular mobility, such as elevated temperatures and immersion in plasticizing fluids. These increments generally result in embrittlement of the cellulosic materials. Similar effects are expected to occur upon aging of cellulosic textiles and papers over extended periods, and may be accelerated by hydrolytic cleavage of cellulosic chains. The implications of these effects for conservation practices, both with respect to recovery of function as well as in the assessment of deterioration, are reviewed. 

Cotton (Figure 1.1) is the most important natural textile fiber, as well as cellulosic textile fiber, in the world, used to produce apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. Worldwide about 40% of the fiber consumed in 2004 was cotton [1]. (See also Table 9.1 World Production of Textile Fibers on page 130.) Cotton is grown mostly for fiber but it is also a food crop (cottonseed)—the major end uses for cottonseeds are vegetable oil for human consumption whole seed, meal, and hulls for animal feed and linters for batting and chemical cellulose. 

Recent approaches directed toward preventing oxidation of cotton cloth included using accelerated aging of alkaline-treated cotton cloth for neutralization of acidic, oxidized, cellulose decomposition components that in cellulosic textiles and in paper are responsible for age tendering and yellowing. Conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of treatments at room temperature were based on results of treatments at one elevated temperature (8). Predictions of long-term effects of these treatments are unknown (9). 

Application of Additives to Silk. Deacidifying Agent. This material is ethoxymagnesium ethyl carbonate dissolved in trichlorotrifluoroethane (Wei To Associates). It has been extensively used as an alkaline buffering agent to protect paper and cellulosic textiles from aging (7,8,21). Samples were dipped one at a time in the solution for 30 s and then dried flat on a sheet of poly(methyl methacrylate). The treated samples had an add-on of approximately 3% and were relatively stiff. 

Accelerated Aging of Cellulosic Textiles at Different Temperatures... 

Only very recently, however, has tetrahydridoborate reduction been considered to be more than just a bleaching method in the conservation of cellulosic textiles and paper. To some extent, the delay in studying the... 

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