Antifreeze mixture

Ethylene glycol is common in automotive antifreeze mixtures. Because of its toxicity, it is sometimes replaced by propylene glycol, which is FDA approved for use in food, and is considered generally accepted as safe. Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste, and accidental poisoning in children is a danger. 

Ethylene glycol, or 1,2-ethanediol, HOCH2CH2OH (2), is an example of a diol, which is a compound with two hydroxyl groups. Ethylene glycol is used as a component of antifreeze mixtures and in the manufacture of some synthetic fibers. 

Some elastomer sealings that are in contact with the antifreeze mixture may not be stable in such a medium because of consequences such as swelling. The compatibility of ethylene-glycol with certain plastics is shown in Table 14-3. 

Uses Solvent for celluloid, cellulose acetate, fats, oils, waxes, nitrocellulose and resins wood preservatives rayon and artificial leather imitation gold leaf extraction of resins and waxes in antifreeze mixtures and hydraulic fluids laboratory reagent preservative for animal tissue dyeing mixtures stripping agent for textiles. 

Uses Organic synthesis (vitamins and drugs) analytical chemistry (cyanide analysis) solvent for anhydrous mineral salts denaturant for alcohol antifreeze mixtures textile dyeing waterproofing fungicides rubber chemicals. 

The second mechanism by which antifreeze mixtures function, acceleration of cement hydration, was confirmed through calorimetry tests [110], The data (Fig. 7.38) show that the CWA accelerated the time to reach peak temperatures by 8-10 h. It was also reported that, relative to plain cement, the high and low doses of the CWA increases the total amount of heat generated by 625 and 569%, respectively,... 

In 4 fatalities due to drinking varying amounts of antifreeze mixture, the volumes of ethylene glycol ingested and the postmortem blood concentrations were as follows 150 ml, 80 pg/ml after 36 hours 300 ml, 560 pg/ml after 18 hours 500 ml, 600pg/ml after 24 hours 1500 ml, 4100pg/ml after 28 hours (E. W. Walton, Medicine, Sci. Law, 1978,18, 231-237). 

A 36-year-old man was admitted to hospital 6 hours after ingesting 500 ml of an antifreeze mixture containing ethylene glycol and methanol initial serum concentrations were 1900 ig/ml for ethylene glycol and 1130pg/ ml for methanol the subject recovered after treatment with ethanol and haemodialysis (N. P. Vites et al.. Lancet, 1984,1, 562). 

Certain general requirements must be met by nonaqueous solvents if they are to be used they must be chemically stable and chemically inert toward reactive groups of the biomolecules. It is also essential that the organic solvents used to prepare the antifreeze mixtures be highly purified, since traces of impurities can have considerable effects on the reactions. 

It can be seen that antifreeze mixtures can be classified into two groups (1) Mixtures with a rather low alcohol content with viscosities, that never exceed 100 centipoise (cP) at low temperatures. 

Use Alkyd resins, dynamite, ester gums, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, plasticizer for regenerated cellulose, cosmetics, foodstuffs, conditioning tobacco, liquors, solvent, printer s ink rolls, polyurethane polyols, emulsifying agent, rubber stamp and copying inks, binder for cements and mixes, special soaps, lubricant and softener, bacteriostat, penetrant, hydraulic fluid, humectant, fermentation nutrients, antifreeze mixtures. 

Use Synthesis of vitamins and drugs, solvent waterproofing, rubber chemicals, denaturant for alcohol and antifreeze mixtures, dyeing assistant in textiles, fungicides. 

The city s mechanics claim that a standard antifreeze formulation was used and this formulation was mixed with water in a proportion which their density instrument indicated was good to -40"F. We have obtained samples of both the formulation used and the actual antifreeze mixture found in one of their trucks. Our job will be to see if the mixture found in the truck really does have density and a composition indicating that it would, in fact, protect the truck engines. 

For a replacement antifreeze mixture, some of the following constraints could be important ... 

USE Instead of glycerol in calico printing as a plasticizer for casein. as a corrosion inhibitor in ale antifreeze mixture. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as a solvent, plasticizer, humectant, emollient, sweetener, etc. used in the manufacture eof nitroglycerol (dynamite), cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, special soaps, lubricants, printing and copying inks, lead oxide cements, and antifreeze mixtures also used in fermentation nutrients in the production of antibiotics. 

Sorbitol is widely used for the production of sorbose, humecfanf (moisture conditioner) on printing rolls, leather, and writing inks as well as a stabilizer for vinyl resins, varnishes, and lacquers and in antifreeze mixtures with glycerol or glycols (O Neil, 2006 Barros and Celligoi,... 

Therefore in designing an injection mould tool, the size and layout of the eooling channel is an important part. Water circulation may be used for cooling, or if higher temperatures are required, oil. An oil-base system is suitable for temperatures up to 350 C, whereas temperatures lower than 25 C require a water/glycol (antifreeze) mixture system. 

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