Textiles rayon

Textiles (Rayon), cellophane packaging, Ping-Ping balls, adhesives and coatings, microfilm, safety goggles... 

In the petroleum industry, sulfuric acid is used in refining processes to remove certain undesired components from crude petroleum. This acid is also employed in large quantities in the manufacture of explosives, paints, pigments, storage batteries, textiles (rayon and other cellulose products), dyes, drugs, and so forth. 

Figure 8 Rate of formylation of sulfite pulp and textile rayon at 55°C. (From Ref. 150.)...

Calcium carbonate is insoluble, and precipitates out during this reaction, leaving the sodium hydroxide in solution. Sodium hydroxide is a useful laboratory reagent and a very important industrial chemical. It is used in industry in the manufacture of soap, the refining of petroleum, and the manufacture of paper, textiles, rayon and cellulose film, and many other products. 

For the purpose of conversion to textile fibers, dispersions or solutions of cellulose or its derivatives are achieved by various means, in order to make possible the extrusion of the fiber-forming material through the small orifices of the spinning jets. Wood pulps prepared for these and similar uses (such as the manufacture of cellophane) are known as dissolving pulps. The manufacture of dissolving pulps is a highly developed art, with processes protected by patents or, more effectively, within company files. The purification of sulfite pulps to a degree suitable for manufacture of textile rayon (90 to 94% alpha-cellulose), tire cord (94 to 9.5% alpha-cellulose), and cellulose acetate (9.5 to 90% alpha-cellulose) requires some kind of... 

Rayon and Synthetic Textiles, Rayon Publishing Corp., 303 Fifth Ave., New York 16, N. Y. (1, 2,... 

Cellulose acetate Doping for aircraft wings, safety film, synthetic textiles Rayon, Celanese, Tricel... 

Continuous-filament textile rayon, produced from viscose, while representing only a fraction of the world s total rayon production, is still an important article of commerce. Although its strength is on the low side, especially when wet, its other aesthetic properties make it unique for certain specialty end uses. Of special appeal is lightweight, sheer, richly colored textiles that are both comfortable and attractive. Coat hnings are a major market. 

As modifiers, PEGs improve cellulose filaments by giving them an all-skin structure with reduced swelling tendency and higher wet and dry strength. These properties are required for industrial rayon for car tires, for high-tenacity textile rayon, and for high-tenacity rayon staples. 

On standing, gelatinous aluminium hydroxide, which may initially have even more water occluded than indicated above, is converted into a form insoluble in both acids and alkalis, which is probably a hydrated form of the oxide AI2O3. Both forms, however, have strong adsorptive power and will adsorb dyes, a property long used by the textile trade to dye rayon. The cloth is first impregnated with an aluminium salt (for example sulphate or acetate) when addition of a little alkali, such as sodium carbonate, causes aluminium hydroxide to deposit in the pores of the material. The presence of this aluminium hydroxide in the cloth helps the dye to bite by ad sorbing it—hence the name mordant (Latin mordere = to bite) dye process. 

Textiles. A unique combination of desirable quaUties and low cost accounts for the demand for acetate ia textiles. In the United States, acetate and triacetate fibers are used ia tricot-knitting and woven constmctions, with each accounting for approximately half the total volume. This distribution changes slightly according to market trends. The main markets are women s apparel, eg, dresses, blouses, lingerie, robes, housecoats, ribbons, and decorative household appHcations, eg, draperies, bedspreads, and ensembles. Acetate has replaced rayon filament ia liner fabrics for men s suits and has been evaluated for nonwoven fabrics (79—81). 

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

Jets for continuous filament textile yam are typically 1 cm diameter gold—platinum ahoy stmctures with 20—500 holes of 50—200 p.m diameter. Tire yam jets are also 1 cm in diameter but typicahy use 1000—2000 holes to give the required balance of filament and yam denier. Staple fiber jets can have as many as 70,000 holes and can be made from a single dome of ahoy or from clusters of the smaller textile or tire yam jets. The precious metal ahoy is one of the few materials that can resist the harsh chemical environment of a rayon machine and yet be ductile enough to be perforated with precision. Glass jets have been used for filament production, and tantalum metal is a low cost but less durable alternative to gold—platinum. 

Asahi Chemical Industries (ACl, Japan) are now the leading producers of cuprammonium rayon. In 1990 they made 28,000 t/yr of filament and spunbond nonwoven from cotton ceUulose (65). Their continuing success with a process which has suffered intense competition from the cheaper viscose and synthetic fibers owes much to their developments of high speed spinning technology and of efficient copper recovery systems. Bemberg SpA in Italy, the only other producer of cuprammonium textile fibers, was making about 2000 t of filament yam in 1990. 

C. M. Deeley, "Viscose Rayon Production," JSJotes for the Associateship of the Textile Institute Examination Eectures, Sept. 14,1959. 

Sulfates of sodium are iadustriaUy important materials commonly sold ia three forms (Table 1). In the period from 1970 to 1981, > 1 million metric tons were consumed aimuaHy ia the United States. Siace then, demand has declined. In 1988 consumption dropped to 890,000 t, and ia 1994 to 610,000 t (1,2). Sodium sulfate is used principally (40%) ia the soap (qv) and detergent iadustries. Pulp and paper manufacturers consume 25%, textiles 19%, glass 5%, and miscellaneous iadustries consume 11% (3). About half of all sodium sulfate produced is a synthetic by-product of rayon, dichromate, phenol (qv), or potash (see Chromium compounds Fibers, regenerated cellulosics Potassium compounds). Sodium sulfate made as a by-product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or naturally occurring brine is called natural sodium sulfate. In 1994, about 300,000 t of sodium sulfate were produced as a by-product another 300,000 t were produced from natural sodium sulfate deposits (4). 

Plastics and Other Synthetic Products. Sulfur is used in the production of a wide range of synthetics, including cellulose acetate, cellophane, rayon, viscose products, fibers, and textiles. These uses may account for 2% of sulfur demand in developed countries. Sulfur intermediates for these manufacturing processes are equally divided between carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid. 

A rather impressive Hst of materials and products are made from renewable resources. For example, per capita consumption of wood is twice that of all metals combined. The ceUulosic fibers, rayon and cellulose acetate, are among the oldest and stiU relatively popular textile fibers and plastics. Soy and other oilseeds, including the cereals, are refined into important commodities such as starch, protein, oil, and their derivatives. The naval stores, turpentine, pine oil, and resin, are stiU important although their sources are changing from the traditional gum and pine stumps to tall oil recovered from pulping. 

Textile fibers are made from chemurgic materials such as cotton, rayon, linen, and wool (qv). 

Leaving aside rayon and artificial silks generally, the first really effective polymeric textile fibre was nylon, discovered by the chemist Wallace Hume Carothers (1896-1937) in the Du Pont research laboratories in America in 1935, and first put into production in 1940, just in time to make parachutes for the wartime forces. This was the first of several major commodity polymer fibres and, together with high-density polyethylene introduced about the same time and Terylene , polyethylene tereph-thalate, introduced in 1941 (the American version is Dacron), transformed the place of polymers in the materials pantheon. 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

Spinn-faser, /. flber for spinning, textile flber specif., staple rayon, -fett, n. (Textiles) mill oil. -fliissigkeit, /. spinning solution, spin-... 

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