Purpose of the Inventory

The Inventory was intended to provide the EPA with the identities of the chemical substances it would have the authority to regulate under TSCA. TSCA 3(2)(A) defines chemical substance as any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including—(i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and (ii) any element or uncombined radical, except for the exclusions noted in TSCA 3(2)(B). TSCA excludes from the 

Chemicals not on the Inventory and not otherwise exempted cannot be imported, manufactured, or processed in the United States for commercial purposes without filing a premanufacture notice (PMN) under TSCA 5. Fifing a PMN can be a lengthy and relatively expensive process. 

The civil and criminal penalties for making, importing, or processing a chemical that is not on the Inventory can be severe, not to mention the potential for business disruption that could result if a company finds that one of its products should be on the Inventory but is not there. Therefore searching the Inventory to determine whether chemicals that will be manufactured, imported, or processed are fisted is a central function in TSCA compliance. This task is greatly complicated by the fact that there is also a confidential Inventory, composed of chemicals whose identities are not released to the public. 

All companies must have systems in place to ensure that the chemicals that they manufacture, import, or process are on the TSCA Inventory. 

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Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a three-step design evaluation methodology composed of inventory profile, environmental impact assessment, and improvement analysis (Keoleian and Menerey 1994). The purpose of the inventory step is to examine the resources consumed and wastes generated at all stages of the product life cycle, including raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair, reclamation, and waste disposal. 

The purpose of the Inventory is to establish whether a substance is existing , or new and so subject to wide ranging health and safety testing. The Inventory is published in several volumes. The general definitions are in Advance Edition Vol VIII, Substance Definitions Index, EINECS, Commission... 

The Chemical Registration Center of the State Environmental Protection Administration (CRC-SEPA, later the Chemical Registration Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, MEP) began to inventory existing chemical substances manufactured in or imported into the People s Republic of China in 1992. The first edition of the Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (lECSC) included chemical substances that were manufactured, processed, or used inside China, or imported from outside China for commercial purposes during the period from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1994 [124]. CRC-SEPA stated the purpose of the inventory as follows [124, p. 3] ... 

The discussion above lacks basic data the purpose of our inventory is mainly to raise issues that need to be addressed in the future, and to try to develop a framework that relates these issues to each other, than to supply this lacking data. Because of that, the question of whether aspects of isotopic variation discussed above can be unequivocally identified in the archaeological record in Europe cannot yet be answered. We can, however, state that some form of patterning (as opposed to random variation) can often be observed. In many cases we observe patterns without knowing the precise causes, conceivably because they are the result of more than one factor e g., a climatic and a cultural effect. 

As an indicator of conditions, the process treats 5 g s-1 of chlorine, which for the purposes of the simulation was assumed to be steady arisings, although in practice there was significant variation as a function of time and specific plant operations. There was a recirculation vessel in addition to the column sump and the combined inventory was approximately 5 m3, approximately half of which was discharged and replaced at the blow-down and make-up period. The recirculation rate to the scrubber... 

The purpose of an inventory is to consolidate basic knowledge about chemicals imported, used, and manufactured in a country and serve as an important basis for informed chemical management. Inventories are the usual instrument for identifying chemicals that are already in commerce in a particular country and serve as the trigger for new chemical review programs. 

The primary objective of the TSCA Inventory is to define what chemical exist in U.S. commerce for purposes of implementing the Toxic Chemicals Control Act. Specifically, chemicals not included on the Inventory are considered to be new chemicals under TSCA and are subject to the premanufacture notification (PMN) requirements stipulated under section 5 (a) of TSCA. The purpose of the TSCA Inventory is to identify those chemicals that exist in U.S. commerce, which have commercial applications that are not specifically addressed under other existing environmental legislation. 

Meaningful data of technical products and the life cycles behind them can only be obtained if the appropriate technical understanding and expert knowledge of the data collectors is ensured. Studies often lack especially in this regard. The main purpose of an inventory analysis in the context of data collection consists of the identification and quantification of the relevant input and output flows over the whole life cycle of a product. With these, one must also count, among others, the use of resources and the use of land, raw materials, fabricated products. 

They do require extensive floor space, however, and this can be a disadvantage if many stages are needed. Also, mixer-settlers generally have Iaige residence times and therefore require considerable time to achieve steady state and large liquid-liquid inventories, Another di rad vantage of mixer-settlers is that most commercial units are difficult to seal, If the main purpose of the extraction step is to dehydrate an organic material, this feature can preclnde their use. 

The official naming convention under REACH is that developed and maintained by lUPAC. The lUPAC system is intended to allow an experienced chemist to name a structure under the system by following a set of rules. In practice, many chemical substances are very complex and application of the rules requires the interpretation of a chemist who is an expert not just in chemistry, but also in lUPAC nomenclature. Some chemicals, for the purpose of the European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances (EINECS) and REACH, have lUPAC names that are common names rather than names that follow a set of rules. lUPAC publishes new lists of names periodically, and occasionally a common name is replaced by a more formal one. This practice results in multiple names for the same substance, and the most current name is not necessarily the one originally placed onto EINECS. CAS offers a service by which it assigns a CAS name and CASRN for a substance for which one already knows the structure and/or the reactants used in the manufacture of the substance, but there is no direct counterpart to this process to identify a correct lUPAC name. There are indirect means such as by cross-checking against a known CAS name and CASRN, or other information such as the chemical s EINECS number. 

For the purposes of the TSCA Inventory, a substance must meet the compositional requirements listed next to be considered a polymer ... 

The TSCA Inventory Paper discussed earlier in this chapter involves general guidelines as to what it considered to be a different chemical substance for purposes of the TSCA Inventory status. This guidance... 

In order to be categorized as an article, there can be no change of chemical composition during end use, except changes that have no commercial purpose apart from the purpose of the article. For example, when a candle is burned the combustion products have no commercial purpose. Therefore, the EPA has concluded that a candle is an article, and under an explicit regulatory exemption the combustion products are not required to be put on the Inventory. ... 

The Carra Letter went on to address the implications of making a yarn treatment product before it is added to the yarn to which it will provide antistatic properties. If a salt form of antistatic agent is made by pH neutralization of an acid precursor during the formulation process of making the yarn treatment product, then the salt does provide a primary purpose of the yarn treatment product, and it is not exempt from the Inventory and PMN regulations. This is the case even if other yarn treatment ingredients are present in the formulation when the acid precursor is neutralized. The distinction between this example and the polymer salt example is that the polymer salts were made as part of the ink formulation and do not contribute a primary performance characteristic of ink, but in this example the acid is made as part of a product that is intended only as a yarn treatment and it does contribute one of the primary performance characteristics of the yarn treatment product. 

Company name] plans to use a chemical substance for commercial purposes that is not listed by specific chemical name in the pubHc portion of the Inventory. We are therefore submitting this bona fide request in accordance with 40 C.F.R. 720.25 to determine if this substance is in included on the... 

The International Standard Organization (ISO 14040) [26] breaks the LCA framework into four main stages (1) Goal and scope definition of the study. This stage clarifies the purposes of carrying the study while the assumptions and system boundaries are described clearly. (2) Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis. LCI involves data collection and calculation procedures to quantify relevant inputs and outputs of the entire system defined within the system boundaries. (3) Life cycle impact assessment involves qualifying the potential environmental impacts of the inventory analysis results. (4) The interpretation of the results from the previous phases of the study in relation to the objective of the study. This interpretation can be in form of conclusions and recommendations to decision-makers for process changes to deliver improvement in the environmentel performance. 

The LCA analysis first performs an inventory analysis that involves data collection and calculation procedures to quantify relevant inputs and outputs of the entire system defined within the system boundaries. This inventory is followed by an environmental impact assessment, which quantifies and categorises the inventory analysis results into environmental impacts. For demonstration purposes. Table 1 shows a list of the inventory emissions to air and the impact analysis of these emissions. The impact analysis step converts the inventory results into equivalents of a selected reference substance for each impact category such as emitting 1kg of methane is equivalent to 11kg of CO2 for global warming potential and 1kg of HF is equivalent to 1.6kg of SO2 for acidification. 

The control of the primary coolant inventory is shown in Figures C-62 and C-63. The coolant liquid level in the pressurizer must be maintained essentially constant under various phases of reactor operation to assure surge capacity and pressure control capability Liquid level changes in the pressurizer will operate the primary loop Injection flow control valves Indirectly controlling the liquid level in the pressurizer. Surges in level above the normal control ranges will result in operation of the spill system and will initiate a reactor power setback. Drops in the pressurizer level below the normal control range may lead to serious consequences if not arrested Efforts have been made to avoid excessively low levels or to minimize their consequences If the level drops below the normal control point an alarm sounds If, in spite of corrective actions taken after the alarm, the level continues to drop, a power setback trip will occur. The purpose of the setback is to reduce power before the pressurizer is depleted and losa of pressure control is threatened. In case of a still further drop in level, a reactor scram trip will be incurred automatically. 

To this end, TLC divided its customer base into segments for the purpose of establishing inventory strategies. The segments and associated policies were as follows ... 

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