Indirect means

This melhod produces an endothermic hydride by indirect means. 

Fat Content of Milk. Raw milk as well as many dairy products are routinely analyzed for their fat content. The Babcock test, or one of its modifications, has been a standard direct measure for many years and is being replaced by indirect means, particularly for production operations. The Babcock test employs a bottle with an extended and caHbrated neck, milk plus sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] to digest the protein, and a centrifuge to concentrate the fat into the caHbrated neck. The percentage of fat in the milk is read direcflv from the neck of the bottle with a divider or caHper, rea ding to... 

Electrophilic substitution of thiophene occurs largely at the 2-position and the reactivity of the ring is greater than that of benzene. 3-Substituted derivatives are generally prepared by indirect means or through ring cyclization reactions. 

For best operation, the feed rate to rotating equipment should be closely controlled and uniform in quantity ana quality. Because sohds temperatures are difficult to measure and changes slowly detected, most rotating-equipment operations are controlled by indirect means. Inlet and exit gas temperatures are measured and controlled on direct-heat units such as direct dryers and kilns, steam temperature and pressure and exit-gas temperature and humidity are controlled on steam-tube units, and direct shell temperature measurements are taken on indirect calciners. Product temperature measurements are taken for secondaiy control purposes only in most instances. 

Membrane Cliaraeterization MF membranes are rated bvtliix and pore size. Microfiltration membranes are imiqiielv testable bv direct examination, but since the number of pores that rnav be obsen ed directlv bv microscope is so small, microscopic pore size determination is rnainlv useful for membrane research and verification of other pore-size-determining methods. Furthermore, the most critical dimension rnav not be obseiA able from the surface. Few MF membranes have neat, cvlindrical pores. Indirect means of measurement are generallv superior. Accurate characterization of MF membranes is a continuing research topic for which interested parties should consult the current literature. 

The important point we wish to re-emphasize here is that a random process is specified or defined by giving the values of certain averages such as a distribution function. This is completely different from the way in which a time function is specified i.e., by giving the value the time function assumes at various instants or by giving a differential equation and boundary conditions the time function must satisfy, etc. The theory of random processes enables us to calculate certain averages in terms of other averages (known from measurements or by some indirect means), just as, for example, network theory enables us to calculate the output of a network as a function of time from a knowledge of its input as a function of time. In either case some information external to the theory must be known or at least assumed to exist before the theory can be put to use. 

Measurements of tropospheric HO and H02 concentrations have been accomplished by both direct and indirect means. Direct techniques are based on the measurement of the hydroxyl or hydroperoxyl radical using some physical property of the radicals themselves e.g. optical absorption. Indirect techniques refer to methods based on the measurement of compounds that are uniquely and/or quantitatively formed from or destroyed by HO or HO2. Examples of these techniques for both [HO ] and [HO2 ] will be given. 

The group A may be regarded as a structural equivalent for the carbonyl group B, since introduction of A into a molecule is actually an indirect means of introducing B. It is convenient to have a word for units within molecules such a word is synthon, introduced by Corey, which is defined as a structural unit within a molecule that can be formed and/or assembled by known or conceivable synthetic operations. There are many other synthons equivalent to A and B, for example, C (by Reactions 16-23 and 19-3) and D (by Reactions 10-2 and 16-22). ... 

The formation of 151 from the phosphonate 171 could be proved only by indirect means. Electron-rich aromatic compounds such as N,N-diethylaniline and N,N,N, N -tetraethyl-m-phenylenediamine U0 1I9> and N-methylaniline 120> are phosphorylated in the para- and in the ortho- plus para-positions by 151. Furthermore, 151 also adds to the nitrogen lone pair of aniline to form the corresponding phosphor-amidate. Considerable competition between nucleophiles of various strengths for the monomeric methyl metaphosphate 151 — e.g. aromatic substitution of N,N-diethylaniline and reaction with methanol or aromatic substitution and reaction with the nitrogen lone pair in N-methylaniline — again underline its extraordinary non-selectivity. 

Turbulent mass-transfer relations concerning forced convection are of interest for two main reasons (see Table VII, Part D) (a) because of their practical importance, since turbulence promotes increase of transfer rates and (b) they afford an indirect means of gaining insight into the mechanism... 

Reflection will show the potential pitfalls of either of these approaches. Neither is higher or better than the other. Direct doesn t mean quicker, nor does indirect mean that you reach the Goal incidentally. It comes down, in the end, to personal temperament and environment. Very, very few individuals are exclusively suited to one path or the other. Practitioners walking the direct path often use liturgical (ceremonial) devotions as part of their daily routine. Practitioners treading the indirect path find that states of consciousness, at first attained in ceremonial settings, later no longer need a ritual impetus to be experienced and that they can now enjoy these states by the direct path. 

It is clear that DIs of general formula C H2n+3N+ cannot be made by direct ionization of their neutral counterparts because these species are not stable. However, these DIs have been generated by a variety of indirect means. 

Cobalt in Nutrition. Johan Georg Forchhammer found in his great research on the composition of sea water that marine organisms concentrate the substances necessary for their existence and thus provide the chemist with a delicate indirect means of detecting certain elements which occur in sea water in very minute amounts. He discovered cobalt, for example, in the ashes of Zostera marina and in the fossil sponges of the chalk (123). 

The emphasis of the present chapter is on the correlation of the physical properties and structures of oxide melts. Since long-range order is destroyed in the process of fusion, the meaning of structure is necessarily different for the crystalline solid and its melt. For the latter, structural information is often only obtainable at the present by indirect means such as the comparison of certain properties at a particular temperature. Here, a meaningful interpretation may become doubtful because of the lack of a corresponding temperature. For instance, if the melting points of two oxides differ by 1000°C, on what basis can a property of their respective melts be compared For such reasons, some of the conclusions regarding structure discussed below must be considered as qualitative and treated with reservations. 

As understanding of nuclear physics and stellar nucleosynthesis has improved, it has become possible to use that knowledge along with measured abundances to infer the solar system abundances of elements that cannot be directly measured, either by solar spectroscopy because their ionization potentials are too high, or in meteorites because they were not efficiently incorporated into the chondrites. In particular, the noble gases cannot be directly measured and must be inferred from theoretical considerations or other indirect means. 

Carbon monosulfide [2944-05-0], CS, is an unstable gas produced by the decomposition of carbon disulfide at low pressure in a silent electrical discharge or photolytically (1—3) in the presence or absence of sulfur (3). It decomposes with a half-life of seconds or minutes to a black solid of uncertain composition (1—3). The monosulfide can be stabilized in a CS2 matrix at —196° C, and many stable coordination complexes of CS with metals have been prepared by indirect means (8). 

The actual size of nuclei is of great interest. They are too small to be observed by use of microscopes. The few experimental values have been obtained by indirect means. Values cover the range of about 10 to several hundred molecules per nucleus. The values are not accurate, but they are believed to have the correct order of magnitude. Some typical calculated sizes are given in Table I. 

Grim, 1968) but their. exact Fe, Fe, Mg and Al content cannot be determined by the most common indirect means such as X-ray diffraction or... 

---