Purification costs

Reducing waste from feed impurities which undergo reaction. If feed impurities undergo reaction, this causes waste of feed material, products, or both. Avoiding such waste is most readily achieved by purifying the feed. Thus increased feed purification costs are traded off against reduced raw materials, product separation, and waste disposal costs (Fig. 10.2). 

Determination of the actual cost of a hydrogenation process is difficult. Among the factors entering into the determination are catalyst cost, catalyst life, cost of materials, capital investment, actual yield, space-time yield, and purification costs, Considerable data are needed to make an accurate evaluation. 

High actual yields are always desirable. Besides making efficient use of the starting material, a high actual yield lowers purification costs and minimizes disposal problems. Often the saving from a small improvement in yield effected by a change in catalyst completely overshadows the cost of the catalysts. 

The interests of SMB for performing large-scale separations of enantiopure drugs has been recognized (very short development time, extremely high probability of success, and attractive purification cost) [68]. Several pharmaceutical and fine chemical companies have already developed SMB processes. However, because of strong confidentiality constraints, public information is limited, and some of the major announcements are summarized below ... 

Lower by-product formation that reduces downstream purification costs. 

Colin2 came to a similar conclusion in a review of this subject area. He emphasizes that it is important to distinguish early on the difference between purification costs (e.g., equipment, solvents, packing material) and production costs (purification and cost of making the crude sample). He noted that a crude sample resulting from a multistep synthesis can itself be very expensive and will enable one to tolerate much higher purification costs. This is indeed the case in purification of synthetic oligonucleotides, where even very steep purification costs are a fraction of the costs of even the raw materials required for synthesis, let alone the total cost of synthesis. 

Proteins such as antibodies, enzymes, hormones and vaccine antigens can be used to prevent, diagnose and treat a range of diseases. Such molecules are therefore of paramount importance in health and medicine. Historically, many of these proteins have been isolated from human or animal sources. However, the low quantities present in such source material coupled with safety risks and high purification costs have limited the availability of protein therapeutics and vaccines for many types of disease. 

This work also suggests other research and development directions needed to bring the price of ethanol down to an automotive fuel level. We need a lower capital cost hydrolysis process which can produce a concentrated sugar solution. We also need a fermentation process adaptable to concentrated sugar solutions to lower alcohol purification costs. Finally we need to recover and include by-product values - lignin, furfural, acids, methanol, etc. -in our income. 

One of the key requirements in producing a given recombinant protein on a large scale is the need to identify host cells with maximum efficiency in producing proteins that are safe and effective at a reasonable cost. Theoretically, if the yield of recombinant protein recovered from each type of cell is equivalent and purification costs are... 

Payment according to the Chemical Leasing agreement between the parties is based on the amount (cubic meters) of purified water. The process optimisation provided the reduction of 1 m3 wastewater purification cost from the initial value of about 27 Euro to 13 Euro established according to the Chemical Leasing agreement. 

Economic benefits More than 50% decrease of wastewater purification cost and required chemicals consumption mutually profitable for participating companies. 

What were the key benefits expected leading to your participation in the project 1. implementation of new equipment, chemicals and process for the purification of glue production wastewater 2. more than 50% decrease of wastewater purification cost and required chemicals consumption mutually profitable for participating companies ... 

Reasons The application of the Chemical Leasing business model provided 50% decrease of wastewater purification cost and required chemicals consumption thus providing a mutual profit for both participating companies. Small enterprises also can collect wastes for cyclic purification (for example once a week). ... 

Evidently, the production of the reduction gases of the solid (C02 and H20) and of H2 in separate zones considerably reduces separation and purification costs of hydrogen. 

Purification cost and time are most relevant for industrial scale production. The required amounts and purity levels are determined based on the final application of the protein. For example, for therapeutic applications high purity is crucial, but the required amounts are relatively small. 

Besides chemical synthesis, purity of the employed chemicals is essential for the organic device performance desired. Small-molecule materials, which are only poorly soluble, are usually purified by repeated train sublimation, which results in substantial losses of material and additional purification costs. These material requirements are almost identical for OVPD and VTE. Because of the different deposition processes, the thermal stress on the organic materials is different in OVPD and in VTE. OVPD operates under steady-state temperature conditions without ramping of the evaporation temperature during processing, as is typically applied in VTE. Depending on the vapor pressure of the organic materials used and the... 

Petrides et al,15 indicate that the BioPro Designer is ideally situated to ask what if type questions. It facilitates a sensitivity analysis of the influence of key variables on the production cost and the profitability of the project. The effect of three variables were analyzed. Their analysis indicates that product cost is quite sensitive to a biomass content of 20% and less. The product cost does not change significantly for a biomass content of greater than 20%. This is because most of the production cost is associated with the product recovery and purification costs. They emphasize that this sort of information may be utilized to prioritize future work. 

The result of the inherent comparison of AChE and BChE that was completed in our laboratory revealed two very adept OP bioscavengers. The major difference noted in this study was an ineffectiveness of oxime-mediated reactivation of BChE relative to the accelerated rates seen with AChE (Geyer, Cerasoli, Lenz, and Mor, unpublished results). In the case of both enzymes, by utilizing purification protocols that were only mildly adapted from those used to purify serum BChE or recombinant ChEs we can assume that any associated purification costs will be similar to those incurred in other systems. Before this project is ready to transition into a clinical study, a further refinement of the PEGylation and other modifications that have been shown to enhance the circulatory profile of these plant-derived ChEs must be undertaken. 

The purity of H2 produced will affect further purification costs. PSA is commonly used for H2 purification, and it is best suited for H2 concentrations of 50%... 

---