The Ideal Situation

As noted in Lean Thinking by James Womack, the ideal, lowest-cost situation is where the entire supply chain operates with no inventory, and parts or product are made to order. Companies need to do everything they can to approach this ideal to remove costs from the system. As the ideal is approached, the delivery time of products can be improved and the quality of the products will also improve. 

Most companies today believe that making more products faster is the best way to reduce costs. Operating in this mode can builda significant inventory of unneeded material and tie up large amounts of working capital. 

The paradigm shift required is to begin to examine the entire supply chain and look at reducing inventories to zero. This will require changes at all levels of business from the boardroom all the way to the factory floor. Effective supplier relationships are the only way to begin to make this happen. 

---

The recent (since 1993) tightness of the chlorine market, which was accompanied by rising chlorine prices, sparked interest in alternative sources of chlorine, ie, HCl and EDC, where these are available. Some plants no longer operate in a strictly balanced mode, but instead operate with more than half of thek EDC made from oxychlorination (owing to importation of HCl or EDC as a chlorine source, thus bypassing dkect chlorination). The ideal situation is one in which the plant can adapt to any feed combination, allowing operation at the optimum mix of feedstocks as determined by minimization of the sum of raw material and operating costs. 

When using failure rate data for a CPQRA, the ideal situation is to have valid historical data from the identical equipment in the same application. In most cases, plant-specific data are unavailable or may carry a level of confidence that is too low to allow those data to be used without corroborating data. Risk analysts often overcome these problems by using generic failure rate data as surrogates for or supplements to plant-specific data. Because of the uncertainties inherent in risk analysis methodology, generic failure rate data are frequently adequate to identify the major risk contributors in a process or plant. 

The producer of column No. 6 tried to supplementary remove admixtures from the gel matrix by applying liquid extractions. He revealed that the extraction process was very slow and that the apparently clean material started to bleed again after some time or when the temperature of extraction was raised. This result indicates that the retention properties of SEC columns may change in the course of their use as a result of cleaning their surface. Maybe the recipes for the gel synthesis will have to be modified to suppress the effects of additives. It seems that the producer of column No. 5 is not far from the ideal situation, at least for the PMMA-toluene system. We cannot exclude... 

The difunctionality of the enamines of cyclic ketones toward phenyl isocyanate provides the ideal situation for a potential polymer. The properties of the polyamides produced by addition of various diisocyanates to the enamines of cyclic ketones have been reported Ilia). 

The hardware should be dedicated to the maintenance department, as they then have access to the maintenance programs as and when necessary. Systems are implemented whereby the software is loaded onto the company in-house hardware, which can lead to periods when access is limited by other demands on computer time (e.g. accounts departments). The ideal situation would be for the maintenance department to have their own computer, with the back-up facility provided by the in-house computer, thereby ensuring that copy is held. 

The ideal situation would be to have the predictive systems vendor establish a viable database as part of the initial capital equipment purchase. This service is offered by a few of the systems vendors. Unfortunately, many predictive maintenance programs have failed because these important first critical steps were omitted or ignored. There are a variety of technologies and predictive maintenance systems that can be beneficial. How do you decide which method and system to use ... 

A prototype is a 3-D model suitable for use in the preliminary testing and evaluation of a product (also used for modeling a die, mold and other tool). It provides a means to evaluate the product s performances before going into production. The ideal situation is for the prototype to be the actual product made in production. However machining stock material and using rapid prototype techniques can make prototypes (Chapter 4, BOOK SHELVES). 

Chromatography. GC is the most common anal)d ical method used but liquid and supercritical fluid chromatographic methods are being increasingly developed. Like titration the sample is destroyed in the analysis process. The ideal situation depicted in Figure 8.8 cannot normally be applied for titration or chromatographic analysis since the analysis equipment needs to be close to the sampling device. This is often termed at-line analysis. 

In select cases, negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy can also be used to investigate reaction transition states.The ideal situation is illustrated in Figure... 

Stokes law is rigorously applicable only for the ideal situation in which uniform and perfectly spherical particles in a very dilute suspension settle without turbulence, interparticle collisions, and without che-mical/physical attraction or affinity for the dispersion medium [79]. Obviously, the equation does not apply precisely to common pharmaceutical suspensions in which the above-mentioned assumptions are most often not completely fulfilled. However, the basic concept of the equation does provide a valid indication of the many important factors controlling the rate of particle sedimentation and, therefore, a guideline for possible adjustments that can be made to a suspension formulation. 

Section). Clearly the ideal situation is to employ as many evaluations of the first type as possible, as these detect those bonds that actually take part in a reaction. A preselection is thus possible, guiding the reaction generation phase in the right direction. In the second type of evaluation, the reaction products must first be generated, with the possibility that they are ultimately evaluated as not being feasible for some reason. The formal reaction generation step would then be wasted time. 

In the first case we have the ideal situation, with no intervening trace resistances considered. So since the reference voltage is 1.25V, we have chosen lkQ and 3kQ resistors to get an output of 5V. Note that the classical equation of a divider is... 

The ideal situation for offshore facility is to locate the accommodation on a separate installation jacket that is spaced as far as practical from the production processes and the process platform oil or gas pipeline risers. Inclusion of the facility control room can also be conveniently provided in the accommodation increasing personnel safety and providing a cost benefit. 

It is also interesting to compare the ozone losses due to the presence of ozone in the effluent. To that aim we consider the ideal situation that in both reactors the ozone concentration is distributed equally over the reactor volume. Further we assume that both reactor systems have the same average residence time, 0. The average concentration of ozone in the CFSTR and PFR is given by equation (5) and (12) respectively. From these two equations it can be derived that the ratio of the average ozone concentration in the PFR and the CFSTR, Re is given by ... 

Temptation has been strong, and not always resisted, to approach total compensation by damping the oscillations out with an appropriately placed capacitance so as to reach the ideal situation of total compensation with unconditional stability. In fact, the cure is worse than the disease. The additional response time accompanying introduction of the damping capacitance will indeed distort the Faradaic current in a more severe and undecipherable manner than does ohmic drop. 

As outlined in other chapters in this volume, Tomalia et al. first reported the successful well-characterized synthesis of dendrimers in the early 1980s [1], These molecules range in size from 10 A to 130 A in diameter for generation 0 (GO) through generation 10 (G10). In the ideal situation, PAMAM dendrimers are monodispersed spherical conformation with a highly branched three-dimensional structure (Figure 18.1) that provides a scaffold for the attachment of... 

The ideal situation would be a combined and simultaneous experiment in which an electrolyte/insulator/semiconductor device is used to monitor if>o while a colloid dispersion of the same oxide is titrated to measure parameter determination that could result from such an experiment would be the set as, Kno+ an[Pg.96]

There are many good reasons for using multiphasic methods to carry out reactions that employ homogeneous catalysts. In general, the catalyst is immobilized in one phase and the reactants and products are supported in other phases. Ideally, once the reaction is complete the products can be removed without contamination by the catalyst and the catalyst phase is ready for immediate reuse. However, a perfect system is extremely difficult to obtain in practice, although many solvent combinations and catalyst design strategies have been developed which come close to the ideal situation. 

---