Sugar solution, concentrated

Osmotic concentration kinetics were also studied for the purpose of manufacturing carrot preserves (Singh et al., 1999). The preserve quality was assessed as a function of sugar solution concentration and sample-to-syrup ratio, and the kinetics of preserve manufacture were described using an empirical equation. 

Concentrated Pure water sugar solution Concentration of water is the same on both sides ... 

An extraction of the matrix phases with a warm KOH-sugar solution concentrates the silicates for easy determination of alite birefringence and belite color. Details are given in Chapter 11. 

The concentration of a pure sugar solution is determined by measurements of polarization (optical rotation), refractive index, and density. 

Polarization is the most common method for the determination of sugar in sugar-containing commodities as well as many foodstuffs. Polarimetry is apphed in sugar analysis based on the fact that the optical rotation of pure sucrose solutions is a linear function of the sucrose concentration of the solution. Saccharimeters are polarimeters in which the scales have been modified to read directiy in percent sucrose based on the normal sugar solution reading 100%. 

Polarimetric determination of the sucrose concentration of a solution is vaUd when sucrose is the only optically active constituent of the sample. In practice, sugar solutions are almost never pure, but contain other optically active substances, most notably the products of sucrose inversion, fmctose and glucose, and sometimes also the microbial polysaccharide dextran, which is dextrorotatory. Corrections can be made for the presence of impurities, such as invert, moisture, and ash. The advantage of polarization is that it is rapid, easy, and very reproducible, having a precision of 0.001°. 

Color. The visual color, from white to dark brown, of sugar and sugar products is used as a general indication of quaUty and degree of refinement. Standard methods are described for the spectrophotometric deterrnination of sugar color that specify solution concentration, pH, filtration procedure, and wavelength of deterrnination. Color or visual appearance may also be assessed by reflectance measurements. 

Phosphatation. Phosphoric acid to give a concentration up to 400 mg/kg as P2O5 and calcium hydroxide as milk of lime or sugar solution of... 

Lactisole [13794-15-5] the sodium salt of racemic 2(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid, is a sweet-taste inhibitor marketed by Domino Sugar. It was affirmed as a GRAS flavor (FEMA no. 3773). At a concentration of 100 to 150 ppm, lactisole strongly reduces or eliminates the sweet taste of a 10% sugar solution. This inhibition appears to be receptor-related because lactisole also inhibits the sweet taste of aspartame. The 5 -( —)-enantiomer [4276-74-8] (38), isolated from roasted coffee beans, is the active isomer the i -(+)-enantiomer is inert (127). 

OPEN PAN SULFITATION (OPS) A sugar cane mill process wherein sugar solutions are concentrated by boiling in an open pan at atmospheric pressure, rather than under a vacuum, and bleached (see SULFITATION) to produce a white sugar product. 

Arrhenius devised demonstrations to support his ideas. The diagrams illustrate two of these. Layers of acetic acid solution and pure water, separated by a thin layer of concentrated sugar solution, show low conductivity. When the layers are mixed, the conductivity increases. To Arrhenius, this demonstrated that diluting acetic acid leads to more dissociation into ions. Layers of solutions of silver sulfate and barium... 

The main environmental determinants of microbial growlh are pH and temperature. The availability of water may be lowered when certain solutes are present in high concentration thus, concentrated salt and sugar solutions may either slow down or prevent growth. 

Hills, B.P., Wang, Y.L., and Tang, H.R. 2001. Molecular dynamics in concentrated sugar solutions and glasses An NMR field cycling study. Mol. Phy. 99, 1679-1687. 

Many experimental variations are possible when performing uptake studies [246]. In a simple experiment for which the cells are initially free of internalised compound, the initial rates of transmembrane transport may be determined as a function of the bulk solution concentrations. In such an experiment, hydrophilic compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, organic bases and trace metals including Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn [260-262] have been observed to follow a saturable uptake kinetics that is consistent with a transport process mediated by the formation and translocation of a membrane imbedded complex (cf. Pb uptake, Figure 6 Mn uptake, Figure 7a). Saturable kinetics is in contrast to what would be expected for a simple diffusion-mediated process (Section 6.1.1). Note, however, that although such observations are consistent... 

Why do concentrated sugar solutions have a high viscosity ... 

Small amounts of impurities have a significant effect on the refractive index. In fact, the refractive index for many binary mixtures changes linearly with concentration over a wide range of concentrations. A calibration curve of refractive index vs. concentration along with the refractive index of a sample can be used to find the concentration of a species in the sample. For example, the food and beverage industry uses the refractive index to find the concentration of sugar solutions. Table 15.1 lists several additional applications for refractive index. 

Thijssen and Spicer1 1191 has given a general review of freeze concentration as an industrial separation process and Bushnell and Eagen(63) have discussed the status of freeze desalination. The potential of freeze crystallisation in the recycling and re-use of wastewater has been reviewed by Heist 120, and the kinetics of ice crystallisation in aqueous sugar solutions and fruit juice are considered by Omran and King(121). 

Hammett acidity function chem An expression for the acidity of a medium, defined as ho = Kbh+ BH / B, where Kbh+ is the dissociation constant of the acid form of the Indicator, and BH+ and B are the concentrations of the protonated base and the unprotonated base respectively. ham at a sid ad e. faijk shan ) hand sugar refractometer analy chem Portable device to read refractive Indices of sugar solutions. Also known as protelnometer. hand shCig ar. re.frak tam-3d-3r1... 

---