Types of questions

Many text books offer systems for classifying questions. Unfortunately, there seem to be almost as many systems as there are books. I would suggest the following approach, based on the use that will be made of the data. 

When we come to analyse the results, we will probably be looking for various possible cause and effect relationships. So let us start by separating those bits of information that are likely to be treated as causes (from here on, I refer to these as demographics ) from those that are more likely to be seen as effects (referred to as outcomes ). 

Typically it is things like age, gender, post code, employment, disease status, etc. that are likely to be investigated as possible causal factors influencing outcomes recorded in other questions. It is these that I refer to as demographics . 

However, there is still a strong argument for collecting the actual numerical ages. Once the data are in, you may decide you want to carry out a secondary analysis which 

It is only an opinion, but I would recommend making any decisions about age banding in advance of data collection (to avoid any temptations at a later time), but collect actual ages. That way, secondary analyses requiring numerical ages are still possible. Remember - numerical age data can always be converted to bands, but you cannot reverse the process - actual ages can never be recovered from banded data. 

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An interesting question that arises is what happens when a thick adsorbed film (such as reported at for various liquids on glass [144] and for water on pyrolytic carbon [135]) is layered over with bulk liquid. That is, if the solid is immersed in the liquid adsorbate, is the same distinct and relatively thick interfacial film still present, forming some kind of discontinuity or interface with bulk liquid, or is there now a smooth gradation in properties from the surface to the bulk region This type of question seems not to have been studied, although the answer should be of importance in fluid flow problems and in formulating better models for adsorption phenomena from solution (see Section XI-1). 

Eortunately, a 3D model does not have to be absolutely perfect to be helpful in biology, as demonstrated by the applications listed above. However, the type of question that can be addressed with a particular model does depend on the model s accuracy. At the low end of the accuracy spectrum, there are models that are based on less than 25% sequence identity and have sometimes less than 50% of their atoms within 3.5 A of their correct positions. However, such models still have the correct fold, and even knowing only the fold of a protein is frequently sufficient to predict its approximate biochemical function. More specifically, only nine out of 80 fold families known in 1994 contained proteins (domains) that were not in the same functional class, although 32% of all protein structures belonged to one of the nine superfolds [229]. Models in this low range of accuracy combined with model evaluation can be used for confirming or rejecting a match between remotely related proteins [9,58]. 

However, in this type of question it is preferable to utilise complex numbers and so the transformations will be used so that... 

To establish whether the fume generation process can be eliminated, the following types of questions must be asked ... 

In order to illustrate the type of questions which can be addressed within such an idealized lattice model, we show a histogram of the normalized order parameters M = Si/N and Q = being the system... 

Two types of questions predominate simple yes/no options and multiple choice questions. For each the user is asked to tick the appropriate box. 

These 12 elements indicate the types of questions diat should be asked when... 

When the patient is an outpatient, the nurse observes the patient for a response to therapy at the time of each clinic visit. In some instances, the nurse may question the patient or a family member about die response to therapy. The type of questions asked depends on the patient and die diagnosis and may include questions such as How are you feeling, Do you seem to be less nervous, or Would you like to tell me how everything is going Many times the nurse may need to rephrase questions or direct the conversation toward other subjects until these patients feel comfortable and are able to discuss their dierapy. 

The skills of questioning are widely covered elsewhere and therefore not dealt with in detail here. The most common distinction is between open and closed questions. Closed questions provoke only very short, sometimes one-word responses - for example, have you had a nice day or are you intending to write this e-mail . Open questions are types of questions that encourage fairly elaborate responses. The onus is on the respondent. Open questions tend to start with words such as how, why and what. Since this is the type that is mainly used by mentors, the different kinds of open questions are looked at more closely in Table 5.1 (Parsloe and Wray, 2000). 

In the discussion of electrophilic aromatic substitution (Chapter 11) equal attention was paid to the effect of substrate structure on reactivity (activation or deactivation) and on orientation. The question of orientation was important because in a typical substitution there are four or five hydrogens that could serve as leaving groups. This type of question is much less important for aromatic nucleophilic substitution, since in most cases there is only one potential leaving group in a molecule. Therefore attention is largely focused on the reactivity of one molecule compared with another and not on the comparison of the reactivity of different positions within the same molecule. 

In the cases we discussed above, students revealed their lack of knowledge of the random distribution of particles, which was consistent with much previous research. This study not only revealed the mis-representation of the diffusion of gases, but also showed the inconsistent mental models that the students held while solving the problems. The result provided some evidence in favor of research that attributes students learning in relation to the context while facing various types of questions. However, this result does not support Vosniadou s framework theory (1994), which implies a consistent mental model used by learners in her study. 

My attempt of depicting the new frontiers for Quantum Chemistry has no produced exhaustive and detailed indications. It is almost impossible to present in a few pages indications of this type, of questionable validity even tf expressed as final report of a panel of experts, after a hard collective work on this theme. Quantum Chemistry is in fact one of the cornerstones of Chemis, enjoying good health as the other branches of Chemistry, and there are ample and varied perspectives of progress. A selection of some themes woitld means to indulge too much to personal tastes. 

Proteomics is an interdisciplinary science that includes biology, bioinformatics, and protein chemistry. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with an overview of the types of questions being addressed in proteomics studies and the technologies used to address those questions. The first chapter is a concise outline of the field as it presently stands. The second chapter provides an overview of the use of 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins, as well as post-translational... 

As previously discussed, compound form differs markedly between early discovery and the late discovery/development interface. The early discovery compound is poorly characterized as to its crystalline form - it may be nonsolid, amorphous, or possibly crystalline but uncharacterized as to polymorphic form. The late discovery/development interface compound is crystalline as defined by phase-contract microscopy or powder X-ray diffraction, and its polymorphic and salt form is frequently characterized. This difference has profound implications for the design of a discovery solubility assay. The key question is this Is it better to design an early discovery solubility assay as a separate type of experiment, or is it better to try to automate a traditional thermodynamic solubility assay to handle the very large number of compounds likely to be encountered in early discovery Another way to state this question is this Does it make sense to run a thermodynamic solubility assay on poorly crystalline early discovery compounds This is the type of question about which reasonable people could disagree. However, this author does have a distinct opinion. It is much better to set up a distinctively different solubility assay in early discovery and to maintain a clear distinction between the assay type appropriate in early discovery and the assay type appropriate at the late discovery/ development interface. Two issues are relevant to this opinion One relates to the need for a solubility assay to reflect/predict early discovery stage oral absorption and the other relates to people/chemistry issues. 

The discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and the development of technology that allows specific proteins to be tagged with GFP has fundamentally altered the types of question that can be asked using cell biological methods. It is now possible not only to study where a protein is within a cell, but also feasible to study the precise dynamics of protein movement within living cells. We have exploited these technical developments and applied them to the study of translation initiation factors in yeast, focusing particularly on the... 

Keeping your direction in mind is never a bad idea, but with replication, transcription, and translation it s absolutely essential—these types of questions are just too easy to write, and you ll see them for certain... 

In 2003, we presented two reviews concerning spin-forbidden reactions in transition metal chemistry (10,16). A number of other reviews in 2004 addressed closely related topics (90,91). However, since then, we are not aware of any review on this topic. We, therefore, present a short discussion of a number of recent studies of reactivity in transition metal chemistry for processes involving changes in spin-state. The aim here is not to be exhaustive, as there are now quite a lot of studies of transition metal chemistry that address the topic of spin-state changes. Instead, this is an attempt to give a flavor of the types of question that are being addressed now and the techniques used to investigate them. 

The type of questions asked in this review process are... 

Ionic bonding is present in compounds containing a metal and a nonmetal or in a compound containing one or more polyatomic ions. There are a few exceptions to this generalization, but these usually do not appear in this type of question. An ionic substance must contain at least two different elements, so we... 

So far, we have used only instantaneous data in the rate expression. These expressions allow us to answer questions concerning the speed of the reaction at a particular moment, but not questions like about how long it might take to use up a certain reactant. However, if we take into account changes in the concentration of reactants or products over time, as expressed in the integrated rate laws, we can answer these types of questions. 

These types of question are particularly difficult, because the answer requires two ingredients. The graph speaks for itself. 

The self test questions are at the end of most sections in a box. The four questions are designed to test the reader s understanding of the basic principles of the topic without going into the details of the subject. There are two types of questions ... 

Before you begin learning and reviewing the integers and absolute value, take a few minutes to take this ten-question Benchmark Quiz. These questions are similar to the type of questions that you will find on important tests. When you are finished, check the answer key carefully to assess your results. Your Benchmark Quiz analysis will help you determine how much time you need to spend on the integers and absolute value, and the specific areas in which you need the most careful review and practice. 

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