Efficiency making

Honzontal-tube cabin heaters position the tubes of the radiant-section-coil horizontally along the walls and the slanting roof for the length of the cabin-shaped enclosure. The convection tube bank is placed horizontally above the combustion chamber. It may be fired From the floor, the side walls, or the end walls. As in the case of its vertical cylindrical counterpart, its economical design and high efficiency make it the most popular horizontal-tube heater. Duties are 11 to 105 GJ/h (10 to 100 10 Btu). 

In open cycle, the diesel has the higher efficiency, making it more attractive for light fuel oils. However, in combined cycle, the gas turbine often has the highest overall efficiency, but there is the penalty associated with the additional cost for boiler and turbine. Nevertheless, unless the prime fuel is of low cost, the use of combined-cycle gas turbine plant will prove to be the more economic. 

The economic potential of a country is determined by its available resources, which, used efficiently, make it possible to produce the maximum gross domestic product (GDP). The components of the economic potential of a country include the following ... 

Quantitation in ms/ms is comparable to quantitation in gc/ms or lc/ms. In each of these techniques a variety of factors, including those just mentioned in connection with ionization efficiency, make standard addition or internal standards desirable. Internal standards are commonly isotopically labeled analogs of the analyte. Several runs must be made to quantitate and ms/ms again has an advantage in speed over the slower chromatographic techniques. Precision and accuracy of quantitation has not been sufficiently compared but at this early stage in its development, ms/ms lags in these respects. 

Two methods are usually used for the evaluation of real-time PCR data, namely the standard curve method and the comparative threshold (Ct) method. The standard curve method relies on the use of purified cDNA pasmid standards, which will result in only a relative quantification. Other more specific standards can be used, e.g., in vitro transcribed RNA, which gives an absolute qantitation, however, this method is very labour intensive and not commonly used (Martell et al. 1999). The standard curve is included in each PCR run, and therefore provides a correction control for the PCR efficiency, making inter-assay comparisons easier. The comparative Ct method uses algorithms to calculate relative expression levels, compared to a calibrator (e.g., a control sample). A detailed description of the mathematics is given by Livak and Schmittgen (2001). After calculation the normalized expression... 

Most sulfuric acid plants are double contact plants, Fig. 9.6, Tables 9.3, 19.3 and 23.2. They efficiently oxidize their feed S02(g) to S03(g) and efficiently make the resulting S03(g) into H2S04(f). Single contact plants (Fig. 9.1) are simpler and cheaper - but less efficient. 

From a steady-state energy consumption viewpoint, we always strive to make a process as efficient as possible. The only reason we stop at a certain level is the trade-off with capital costs as indicated above. But what about operability and control Is a thermodynamically efficient process also easy to control If so we may be able to justify an even higher level of efficiency than dictated by steady-state economics alone. On the other hand, if thermodynamic efficiency makes the process harder to control, we have another trade-off to consider during process design. 

BURCO DEFOAMER RS is a "stabilized" silicone defoamer. By altering the defoaming molecule, its foam killing efficiency makes it far more resistant to emulsion breakdown. The water dispersibility of BURCO DEFOAMER RS is also superior to that of other silicones, so it rinses freely from the goods. 

The introduction of microprocessor technology, in connection with modem stationary phases of high chromatographic efficiencies, makes it a routine task to detect ions in the medium and lower ppb concentration range without pre-concentration. The detection limit for simple inorganic anions and cations is about 10 ppb based on an injection volume of 50 pL. The total amount of injected sample lies in the lower ng range. Even ultrapure water, required for the operation of power plants or for the production of semiconductors, may be analyzed for its anion and cation content after preconcentration with respective concentrator columns. With these pre-concentration techniques, the detection limit could be lowered to the ppt range. However, it should be emphasized that... 

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