Yield effective

HOAc, reflux, 1-3 h, 77% yield) and acetone (80-100 h, 72% yield) effect cleavage in a similar manner., ... 

High actual yields are always desirable. Besides making efficient use of the starting material, a high actual yield lowers purification costs and minimizes disposal problems. Often the saving from a small improvement in yield effected by a change in catalyst completely overshadows the cost of the catalysts. 

We have developed a theory that allows to determine the effective cluster interactions for surfaces of disordered alloys. It is based on the selfconsistent electronic structure of surfaces and includes the charge redistribution at the metal/vacuum interface. It can yield effective cluster interactions for any concentration profile and permits to determine the surface concentration profile from first principles in a selfconsistent manner, by... 

Gaunt, J. A. Knight, A. E. Windsor, S. A. and Chechik, V. (2005). Stability and quantum yield effects of small molecules additives on solutions of semiconductor nanoparticles. /. Colloid and Interface Science, 290 (2), 437-443. 

All the macroscopic properties of polymers depend on a number of different factors prominent among them are the chemical structures as well as the arrangement of the macromolecules in a dense packing [1-6]. The relationships between the microscopic details and the macroscopic properties are the topics of interest here. In principle, computer simulation is a universal tool for deriving the macroscopic properties of materials from the microscopic input [7-14]. Starting from the chemical structure, quantum mechanical methods and spectroscopic information yield effective potentials that are used in Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to study the structure and dynamics of these materials on the relevant length scales and time scales, and to characterize the resulting thermal and mechanical proper-... 

The addition of sulfated polysaccharides to DCE gels have yielded effective microbicides in vitro, including activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 

Considerable information is available on growth and yield effects. However, because it comes from scattered sources and much of it is subjective, no one has developed the data for predictive use (relating dose or injury to yield reductions). This section is divided into a discussion of effects under ambient conditions and a discussion of effects with... 

Subsequent to CO2 association in the hydrophobic pocket, the chemistry of turnover requires the intimate participation of zinc. The role of zinc is to promote a water molecule as a potent nucleophile, and this is a role which the zinc of carbonic anhydrase II shares with the metal ion of the zinc proteases (discussed in the next section). In fact, the zinc of carbonic anhydrase II promotes the ionization of its bound water so that the active enzyme is in the zinc-hydroxide form (Coleman, 1967 Lindskog and Coleman, 1973 Silverman and Lindskog, 1988). Studies of small-molecule complexes yield effective models of the carbonic anhydrase active site which are catalytically active in zinc-hydroxide forms (Woolley, 1975). In addition to its role in promoting a nucleophilic water molecule, the zinc of carbonic anhydrase II is a classical electrophilic catalyst that is, it stabilizes the developing negative charge of the transition state and product bicarbonate anion. This role does not require the inner-sphere interaction of zinc with the substrate C=0 in a precatalytic complex. 

Nitrofurantoin is administered orally and is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the small intestine only low levels of activity are achieved in serum because the drug is rapidly metabolized. Relatively high protein binding (about 70%) also affects serum levels, reducing potential for systemic toxicity and alteration of intestinal flora. Relative tissue penetration is much lower than other antimicrobials for UTIs, and therefore, nitrofurantoin is not indicated in the therapy of infections such as pyelonephritis and renal cortical or perinephric abscesses. Nitrofurantoin is rapidly excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion to yield effective urinary levels. In moderate to severe renal dysfunction, toxic blood levels may occur while urinary levels may be inadequate. The drug is inactivated in the liver. 

Raupp, J. and Kbnig, U.J. 1996. Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depend-... 

The main effects plot represents the response (vertical axis) versus the levels of the factor under consideration (horizontal axis, see Figure 2.2). Each point represents the mean response obtained at each level. For our example (see Figure 2.2), the mean responses (yield) for factor A at the low and high levels are 82.5% and 86.75%, respectively. That is to say, the increase in yield (effect of A, pH) is 4.25% when we change the pH from 3 to 5. 

These data can be compared with those for a/w films shown in Figure 15. Such comparison suggests that there is substantially less protein at the interface in o/w thin films, indeed almost five times less. However, care needs to be exercised when equating surface concentration to fluorescence intensity. It is possible that the fluorophore is located in different environments in the two types of thin film and that the difference in fluorescence intensity is a fluorescence quantum yield effect. However, this is unlikely since the surface concentration, as judged by the surface fluorescence signal at which surface diffusion is first observed, in both a/w and o/w films is very similar at approximately 600 counts per channel. It is reasonable to assume that the structure of the adsorbed layer is similar at the point where surface diffusion is first observed. The presence of similar surface counts indicates that the quantum yield of fluorescence is similar at both o/w and a/w interfaces. Thus, this strongly supports the... 

The epimerization of (4R,9aR)-4-phenylperhydropyrido[2,l-c][l,4]oxazin-1-one at C9a carbon could be achieved by treatment with KN(SiMe3)2 in THF at 78 °C for 30 min to yield effectively the (4R,9aS) epimer (05TA3858). NaN(SiMe3)2 and LiN Pr2 proved to be less appropriate than KN(SiMe3)2, as they gave only 10% and 50% conversion, respectively. 9a-Substituted derivatives were obtained by alkylation of (4R,9flR)-4-phenyl-perhydropyrido[2,l-c][l,4]oxazin-l-one with alkyl iodides, allyl and benzyl bromides in THF in the presence of KN(SiMe3)2/ and HMPA at —78 °C for 1.5 h in 61-83% yields. 

Taylor, C.R., Rodriguez-Kabana, R. Population dynamics and crop yield effects of nematodes and white mold in peanut, cotton and velvetbean. Agricult Syst 1999 59 177-191. 

The quantity on the left is the Fourier component of the dipole moment induced by the optical field Max(w). These equations can be generalized to mixed frequency-dependent electric dipole, electric quadrupole, magnetic dipole properties, and similar equations can be written for the Fourier components of the permanent electric quadrupole, aj8(magnetic dipole, ma(co). For static Maxwell fields similar expansions yield effective (starred) properties, defined as derivatives of the electrostatic free energies. 

Qaim, M., and D. Zilberman. 2003. Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science 299 900—902. 

Properly representing the yield effects of these changes without the preprocessor-generated LP model would have been such an enormous task in terms of manpower and computer time that, frankly, it would not have been attempted. 

Scientific trials involving applications of animal manure were implemented as early as the 1930s, e.g. in Nigeria. Experimental rates of application have varied from 2 to 5 t to as much as 60 t ha 1 (Swift et al., 1994 Nandwa and Bekunda, 1998 Schlecht et al., 2006). Yield effects have throughout been positive, both in short-and long-term experiments sometimes severalfold increases in cereal yields were obtained (Pieri, 1992 Swift et al., 1994 Bekunda et al., 1997 Bationo et al., 1998 Nandwa and Bekunda, 1998). 

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