Glue production

Environmental benefits The installation of the new wastewater purification process provided the reduction of impurities contents in the glue production effluents to a level below the sanitary standards. Furthermore, the amount of environmentally hazardous chemicals (FeCl3, NaOH) used for wastewater purification is significantly reduced. 

What were the key benefits expected leading to your participation in the project 1. implementation of new equipment, chemicals and process for the purification of glue production wastewater 2. more than 50% decrease of wastewater purification cost and required chemicals consumption mutually profitable for participating companies ... 

ERG has built the water purification plant for Henkel-ERA, which became necessary from the expansion of their glue production. Under the Chemical Leasing regime ERG delivers the chemicals needed by Henkel-ERA. The water is cleaned in a facility owned by Henkel-ERA and operated by ERG, the waste from this process is transported to ERG and treated there. The basis of payment is the amount of purified water, it is thus based on the provided service of water cleaning (Fig. 9). 

There are abundant connections between the new refinery and other petrochemical sites. Up to 700,000 tons per year of naphtha (LDF) will be charged to the feedstock pipeline Rostock-Bohlen for processing in Bohlen. Refinery produced methanol, amongst other things, goes to two customers in Leuna, namely Atochem for their formaldehyde based glue production and UCB for the manufacture of amines and formamides. 

Figure 1 Use of animal glue product by end-use markets. (From Ref. 14.)... 

Rapid corrosion because of deposits has also occurred in other environments, e.g. on boiling tubes for in-evaporation of glue water in a fish-glue production ship. The temperature varied from 40°C to 100°C from stage to stage in the plant. Heavy corrosion attacks were found both on unalloyed and on stainless steel AISI 304. At least partly, the attacks were caused by insufficient cleaning. An example of such an attack on unalloyed steel is shown in Figure 7.25. 

Production of animal glue is considered as environmentally friendly , since it involves conversion of unpleasant waste into useful products, but economic operation depends on satisfactory disposal of residues some of these are used as slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers. The mineral residue from bone glue production ( bone meal ) by thermal methods is used as a phosphate supplement in animal feed and fertilizers it is also calcined at 1000-1200 °C to produce calcined bone, used in the manufacture of bone china to provide strength and translucency. Animal glues and technical gelatins contain added preservatives and a proportion of non-protein materials, usually mucopolysaccharides and soluble inorganic salts. These impurities differ with the source of raw material. 

Acrylic glues used in the construction industry did not contain acrylics (detection limit 0.005%) (Table 5). The main component of the anaerobic glues was TREGDMA. DEGDMA or 2-HPMA were used as reactive diluents. Undeclared 2-HPMA was present (at 7.6%) in one glue (Product 55). 

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Fertilizer and explosives manufacturing dye and glue production automobile batteries electroplating of copper... 

The 2-imino-4-thiazolines may be used as ultraviolet-light stabilizers of polyolefin compositions (1026). 2-Aminothiazole improves adhesive properties of wood to wood glue (271). Cbmpound 428 exhibits antioxidant properties (Scheme 242) (1027). Ammonium N-(2-thiazolyl)dithio-carbamate (429) is a bactericide and fungicide used in industrial products such as lumber, paint, plastics, and textiles (1037). Compound 430 is reported (1038) to form an excellent volume of foam coating in aluminum pans when ignited with propane. 

Animal glues Animal oil Animal products Animal testing Animal waxes Animation effects... 

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

Pectin, which occurs in most plants as the glue which binds the cells together, is extracted commercially from citms peel and has been extracted from apple pomace. It is suggested for many no-fat products including sauces, desserts, and dressings. 

By-Products From Milk. Milk is a source for numerous by-products resulting from the separation or alteration of the components. These components may be used in other so-called nondairy manufactured foods, dietary foods, pharmaceuticals (qv), and as a feedstock for numerous industries, such as casein for glue. 

Casein is used to fortify flour, bread, and cereals. Casein also is used for glues and microbiological media. Calcium caseinate is made from a pressed casein, by rinsing, treating with calcium hydroxide [1305-62-0], heating, and mixing foUowed by spray drying. A product of 2—4% moisture is obtained. 

Poly(viayl acetate) emulsions or hot-melt adhesives are typically used to form the manufacturer s or glue lap joiat of the box. The main criteria for the adhesive is that it provide a strong and tough final bond and that it set up quickly enough to allow fast box production speeds. Production rates ia excess of 240 boxes per minute are not uncommon ia the iadustry. 

In the late 1800s, when the demand for coated paper for the halftone printing process increased, casein rapidly replaced glue. Casein forms a hard, tough film when dry, and can be waterproofed easily with formaldehyde (qv). The properties of soy protein are similar to those of casein, and soy protein has been substituted for it in many types of coated papers requiring a casein-type binder (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Casein, a valuable food product, is seldom used as a paper adhesive, in spite of its excellent adhesive properties. 

From antiquity, glues had been made almost entirely from materials of animal or vegetable origin, and were sensitive to moisture, oxidation, and bacterial or fungus attack. Because of these deficiencies, production of durable plywood, for example, was not possible. The modern plywood industry actually owes its growth to the availabiUty of relatively low cost urea adhesives. Plywood and chipboard or wood chip glues are often made at the plywood and chip board mill. 

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