Protein transduction

Fittipaldi A, Giacca M (2005) Transcellular protein transduction using the Tat protein of HIV-1. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57 597-608... 

Console S, et al. Antennapedia and HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domains promote endocytosis of high molecular weight cargo upon binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2003 278 35109. 

Cao G, Pei W, Ge H, et al. In vivo delivery of a Bcl-xL fusion protein containing the TAT protein transduction domain protects against ischemic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci 2002 22(13) 5423-5431. 

Schwarze SR, Ho A, Vocero-Akbani A, Dowdy SE. In vivo protein transduction delivery of a biologically active protein into the mouse. Science 1999 285(5433) 1569-1572. 

Park J, Ryu J, Kim KA, et al. Mutational analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transduction domain which is required for delivery of an exogenous protein into mammalian cells. J Gen Virol 2002 83(Pt 5) 1173-1181. 

Schwarze SR, Dowdy SF. In vivo protein transduction intracellular delivery of biologically active proteins, compounds and DNA. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000 21(2) 45-48. 

Lundberg M, Wikstrom S, Johansson M. Cell surface adherence and endocyto-sis of protein transduction domains. Mol Ther 2003 8(1) 143-150. 

Hyndman L, Lemoine JL, Huang L, et al. HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain peptide facilitates gene transfer in combination with cationic liposomes. J Control Release 2004 99(3) 435 44. 

Schwarze SR, Hruska KA, Dowdy SF. Protein transduction unrestricted delivery into all cells . Trends Cell Biol 2000 10 290-295. 

Baxter, G. and Morse, D. E., Cilia from abalone larvae contain a receptor-dependent G protein transduction system similar to that in mammals, Biol. Bull., 183, 147, 1992. 

Already in 1965, Ryser and Hancock provided evidence that histones and polyamino acids could greatly enhance albumin uptake by cultured tumor cells (6). More recently, several polybasic peptides (so-called protein transduction domains, PTDs or cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) have been shown to efficiently mediate uptake of nucleic acids, bioactive peptides, phage particles, and liposomes into a wide variety of mammalian cells. The initially proposed ability of CPPs to penetrate plasma membranes via a temperature-independent, non-endocytotic pathway was later shown to be a fixation artifact, and it is currently widely accepted that CPP-mediated macromolecular delivery follows energy-dependent endocytotic pathways that in most cases depend on the expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (7). 

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, a repressive regulator of protein splicing also pulmonary tuberculosis Protein transduction domain... 

Key Words Cell-penetrating peptide noninvasive cellular delivery penetratin Tat transportan pVEC MAP protein transduction oligonucleotide transport plasmid delivery. 

Eguchi, A., Akuta, T., Okuyama, H., et al. (2001) Protein transduction domain of HIV-1 Tat protein promotes efficient delivery of DNA into mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26,204-26,210. 

Ford KG, Souberbielle BE, Darling D, Farzaneh F. Protein transduction An alternative to genetic intervention Gene Ther 2001 8 1-4. 

Mi Z, Mai J, Fu X, Robbins PD. Characterization of a class of cationic peptides able to facilitate efficient protein transduction in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2000 2 339Ai7. 

Green I, Christison R, Voyce CJ, Bundell KR, Eindsay MA. Protein transduction domains Are they delivering Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003 24 213-5. 

A peptide (DPI), comprised of a protein transduction domain fused to an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) KLAKLAKKLAKLAK, triggered apoptosis in murine fibrosarcoma (MCA205) and human head and neck tumor cell lines in vitro. It also induced tumor apoptosis and reduction of tumor volume (MCA205) by direct intratumor injection [245]. 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is critical to male fertility because it stimulates testicular Leydig cells to produce the testosterone that maintains male secondary sex characteristics. The LH receptor mediates these functions by stimulation of cellular adenylyl cyclase via G-protein transduction [99],... 

Direct pDNA transfer technique had been used to examine the role of a physiologically related protein transduction signal pathway toward certain endogenous disease phenotype, such as investigating the function of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in the central control of blood pressure homeostasis... 

Becker et al. [64] functionalized a peptide, based on the protein transduction domain of the HIV protein TAT-1, with an NMP initiator while on the resin. They then used this to polymerize f-butyl acrylate, followed by methyl acrylate, to create a peptide-functionahzed block copolymer. Traditional characterization of this triblock copolymer by gel permeation chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy was, however, comphcated partly due to solubility problems. Therefore, characterization of this block copolymer was mainly hmited to ll and F NMR and no conclusive evidence on molecular weight distribution and homopolymer contaminants was obtained. Difficulties in control over polymer properties are to be expected, since polymerization off a microgel particle leads to a high concentration of reactive chains and a diffusion-limited access of the deactivator species. The traditional level of control of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization, or any other type of controlled radical polymerization, will therefore not be straightforward to achieve. 

The exact mechanism of protein transduction remains unclear. In the case of the Tat peptide, the sequence can be scrambled or the D-isomers of the amino acids used, which argues against a specific ligand/receptor-mediated mechanism. As yet, an elusive physical interaction of the peptide with the cell membrane is thought to permit cellular entry. However, whether the process involves endocytosis or not is also arguable, and in some experiments the cargo is spread throughout the cytoplasm, whereas in others it is concentrated... 

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