Protein signal transduction and

Wells L, Vosseller K, Hart GW. Glycosylation of nucleocyto-plasmic proteins Signal transduction and 0-GlcNAc. Science 2001 291 2376-2378. 

A key to understanding the functional design of proteins Is the realization that many have moving parts and are capable of transmitting various forces and energy In an orderly fashion. However, several critical and complex cell processes—synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, signal transduction, and photosynthesis—are carried out by huge... 

Lance Wells, Keith Vosseller, Gerald W. Hart, Glycosylation of Nucleocytoplasmic Proteins Signal Transduction and O-GlcNAc, Science, 291 (2001), 2376-2378. 

The spatial and steric requirements for high affinity binding to protein kinase C (PKC), a macromolecule that has not yet been crystallized, were determined. Protein kinase C plays a critical role in cellular signal transduction and is in part responsible for cell differentiation. PKC was identified as the macromolecular target for the potent tumor-promoting phorbol esters (25). The natural agonists for PKC are diacylglycerols (DAG) (26). The arrows denote possible sites of interaction. 

While the fluid mosaic model of membrane stmcture has stood up well to detailed scrutiny, additional features of membrane structure and function are constantly emerging. Two structures of particular current interest, located in surface membranes, are tipid rafts and caveolae. The former are dynamic areas of the exo-plasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids they are involved in signal transduction and possibly other processes. Caveolae may derive from lipid rafts. Many if not all of them contain the protein caveolin-1, which may be involved in their formation from rafts. Caveolae are observable by electron microscopy as flask-shaped indentations of the cell membrane. Proteins detected in caveolae include various components of the signal-transduction system (eg, the insutin receptor and some G proteins), the folate receptor, and endothetial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Caveolae and lipid rafts are active areas of research, and ideas concerning them and their possible roles in various diseases are rapidly evolving. 

Myers SJ, Wong LM, Charo IF (1995) Signal transduction and ligand specificity of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor in transfected embryonic kidney cells. J Biol Chem 270 5786-5792... 

Annexins Phospholipid- and membrane-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth, coagulation, mediation of secretion, signal transduction, and ion channel activity link signaling to membrane dynamics... 

Mammalian G proteins can be divided into two major categories heterotrimeric G proteins and small G proteins. This chapter reviews the types of G protein that exist in the nervous system and the ways in which they regulate signal transduction and other processes essential for brain function. 

Normalizes or inhibits secondary messenger systems (e.g, inhibits phos-phoinositide and adenylate cyclase signaling normalizes guanine nucleotidebinding protein [G protein] signal transduction system) ... 

Families of RING finger proteins play important roles in cell regulation, signal transduction and apoptosis. Some of the more prominent families are the Siahs, lAPs, TRAFs, and Cbls (Figure 4.4). Short summaries of these are presented below. 

Apart from subunit-subunit interactions within the CSN, a considerable number of cellular proteins interact with CSN subunits (see Figure 13.1). Although the physiological relevance of many of the identified interactions is questionable, most of them might be attributed to a role of the CSN complex in signal transduction and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. 

Jurica MS, Stoddard BE. 1998. Mind your B s and R s bacterial chemotaxis, signal transduction and protein recognition. Structure 6 809-13. 

Spiegel, A. M. (1998) Introduction to G-protein-coupled signal transduction and human disease, in G proteins, receptors, and disease (A. M. Speigel, ed.), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ,... 

P RMTs lead to the methylation of certain arginine residues in histones as depicted in Table 12.1. They are not restricted to histone substrates but also catalyze the methylation of other proteins that play a role in signal transduction and cell proliferation [15]. Usually glycine-alanine-arginine patches (called GAR motifs)... 

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