Protein transduction domain

Console S, et al. Antennapedia and HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domains promote endocytosis of high molecular weight cargo upon binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2003 278 35109. 

Cao G, Pei W, Ge H, et al. In vivo delivery of a Bcl-xL fusion protein containing the TAT protein transduction domain protects against ischemic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci 2002 22(13) 5423-5431. 

Park J, Ryu J, Kim KA, et al. Mutational analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transduction domain which is required for delivery of an exogenous protein into mammalian cells. J Gen Virol 2002 83(Pt 5) 1173-1181. 

Lundberg M, Wikstrom S, Johansson M. Cell surface adherence and endocyto-sis of protein transduction domains. Mol Ther 2003 8(1) 143-150. 

Hyndman L, Lemoine JL, Huang L, et al. HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain peptide facilitates gene transfer in combination with cationic liposomes. J Control Release 2004 99(3) 435 44. 

Already in 1965, Ryser and Hancock provided evidence that histones and polyamino acids could greatly enhance albumin uptake by cultured tumor cells (6). More recently, several polybasic peptides (so-called protein transduction domains, PTDs or cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) have been shown to efficiently mediate uptake of nucleic acids, bioactive peptides, phage particles, and liposomes into a wide variety of mammalian cells. The initially proposed ability of CPPs to penetrate plasma membranes via a temperature-independent, non-endocytotic pathway was later shown to be a fixation artifact, and it is currently widely accepted that CPP-mediated macromolecular delivery follows energy-dependent endocytotic pathways that in most cases depend on the expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (7). 

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, a repressive regulator of protein splicing also pulmonary tuberculosis Protein transduction domain... 

Eguchi, A., Akuta, T., Okuyama, H., et al. (2001) Protein transduction domain of HIV-1 Tat protein promotes efficient delivery of DNA into mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26,204-26,210. 

Green I, Christison R, Voyce CJ, Bundell KR, Eindsay MA. Protein transduction domains Are they delivering Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003 24 213-5. 

A peptide (DPI), comprised of a protein transduction domain fused to an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) KLAKLAKKLAKLAK, triggered apoptosis in murine fibrosarcoma (MCA205) and human head and neck tumor cell lines in vitro. It also induced tumor apoptosis and reduction of tumor volume (MCA205) by direct intratumor injection [245]. 

Becker et al. [64] functionalized a peptide, based on the protein transduction domain of the HIV protein TAT-1, with an NMP initiator while on the resin. They then used this to polymerize f-butyl acrylate, followed by methyl acrylate, to create a peptide-functionahzed block copolymer. Traditional characterization of this triblock copolymer by gel permeation chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy was, however, comphcated partly due to solubility problems. Therefore, characterization of this block copolymer was mainly hmited to ll and F NMR and no conclusive evidence on molecular weight distribution and homopolymer contaminants was obtained. Difficulties in control over polymer properties are to be expected, since polymerization off a microgel particle leads to a high concentration of reactive chains and a diffusion-limited access of the deactivator species. The traditional level of control of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization, or any other type of controlled radical polymerization, will therefore not be straightforward to achieve. 

Fig. 10.1-12 Principle of protein semisynthesis in living cells. The protein transduction domain (PTD) delivers the probe to the cell, which is followed by complementation of the DnaE intein halves and protein splicing.

Xia H, Mao Q, Davidson, B L (2001). The HIV Tat Protein Transduction Domain Improves the Biodistribution of P-Glucuronidase Expressed from Recombinant Viral Vectors. Nat. Biotechnol. 19 640-644. 

Leifert J A, Harkins S, Whitton JL (2002). Full-length proteins attached to the HIV tat protein transduction domain are neither transduced between cells, nor exhibit enhanced immunogenicity. Gene Therapy. 9 1422-1428. 

Ho A, Schwarze S R, Mermelstein S J, et al. (2001). Synthetic protein transduction domains enhanced transduction potential in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 61 474-477. 

Loison E, Nizard P, Sourisseau T, et al. (2005). A ubiquitin-based assay for the cytosolic uptake of protein transduction domains. Molec. Ther. 11 205-214. 

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), Trojan horse peptides, protein transduction domains, peptides of different stmctural classes that are capable to cross the plasma membranes of mammalian cells in an... 

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