Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

Valenzuela-Femandez A, Palanche T, Amara A, et al. Optimal inhibition of X4 HIV isolates by the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha requires interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2001 276(28) 26550-26558. 

Fleckenstein, J. M., Holland, J. T., and Hasty, D. L. (2002). Interaction of an outer membrane protein of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Infect. Immun. 70,1530-1537. 

Yanagishita, M. and Hascall, V. C. (1992). Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 9451-9454. 

Bernfleld, M., Gotte, M., Park, P.W., Reizes, O., Fitzgerald, M.L., Lincecum, J., Zako, M. (1999) Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68, 729-777. Extensive review of the biological roles of heparan sulfate. 

R.W. Mahley and Z.S. Ji, Remnant lipoprotein metabolism key pathways involving cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and apolipoprotein E, J. Lipid Res. 40 (1999) 1-16. 

Gallo, R.L., Ono, M Povsic, T., et al. (1994) Syndecans, cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are induced by a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide from wounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91,11035-11039. 

Already in 1965, Ryser and Hancock provided evidence that histones and polyamino acids could greatly enhance albumin uptake by cultured tumor cells (6). More recently, several polybasic peptides (so-called protein transduction domains, PTDs or cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) have been shown to efficiently mediate uptake of nucleic acids, bioactive peptides, phage particles, and liposomes into a wide variety of mammalian cells. The initially proposed ability of CPPs to penetrate plasma membranes via a temperature-independent, non-endocytotic pathway was later shown to be a fixation artifact, and it is currently widely accepted that CPP-mediated macromolecular delivery follows energy-dependent endocytotic pathways that in most cases depend on the expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (7). 

Patel, M., Yanagishita, M., Roderiquez, G., Bou-Habib, D. C., Oravecz, T., Hascall, V. C., and Norcross, M. A. (1993) Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediates HIV-1 infection of T-cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9, 167-174. 

Brauker JH, Wang JL Nonlysosomal processing of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. / Biol Chem 262 13093-13101,1987. 

Antithrombin has been shown to promote the release of prostacyclin from endothelial cells [74] and to attenuate ischemia-induced leukocyte extravasation [75]. In addition, chemotactic effects of AT on neutrophils and signaling via interaction with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans... 

Giuseppetti, J.M., McCarthy, J.B. and Letourneau, P.C. (1994) Isolation and partial characterization of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan from embryonic rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 37 584-595. 

Sarafanov AG, Ananyeva NM, Shima M, et al Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) par-... 

Yanagishita, M., and Hascall, V. C., 1992. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans./. Biol. Chem. 267 9451-9454. lozzo, R. V., 1999. The biology of small leucine-rich proteoglycans Functional network of interactive proteins./ Biol. Chem. 274 18843—18846. 

Ji ZS, Pitas RE, Mahley RW. Differential cellular accumulation/retention of apolipoprotein E mediated by cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Apo-lipoproteins E3 and E2 greater than e4. J Biol Chem 1998 273 13452-13460. 

Ji ZS, Fazio S, Lee YL, Mahley RW (1994) Secretion-capture role for apolipoprotein E in renmant hpopro-tein metabolism involving cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 269 2764-2772... 

Part-time Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans 707... 

Williams KJ and Fuki IV. Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans dynamic molecules mediating ligand catabolism [see comments] [published erratum appears in Curr Opin Lipidol 1998 Feb 9(1) 80]. Curr Opin Lipidol 8 253-62, 1997. 

---