Triggers, apoptosis

The pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl2 family affect cellular sensitivity to apoptosis and thus to many chemotherapeutic agents [4]. For example, overexpression of the antiapoptotic genes Bcl2 and Bcl-XL in some cell lines and tumors can confer resistance to apoptosis triggered by ionizing radiation. Conversely, overexpression of proapoptotic Bax in experimental tumors can induce apoptosis directly or render such tumors more sensitive to cisplatin and 5-FU. 

Baburina, 1., and Jackowski, S., 1998, Apoptosis triggered by l-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine is prevented by increased expression ofCTP phosphochohne cytidylyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 2169-2173... 

Mansat, V., Laurent, G., Levada, T., Bettaieb, A., and Jaffrezou, J-P., 1997, The protein kinase C activators phorbol esters and phosphatidylserine inhibit neutral sphingomyehnase activation, ceramide generation and apoptosis triggered by daunorubicin. Cancer Res. 57 ... 

Vermeersch, S., Rousse, A., and Laurent, G., 1996, Daunorubicin-induced apoptosis triggering of ceramide generation through sphingomyelin hydrolysis. EMBOJ. 15 2417-2424. 

R17. Rovere, P., Vallinoto, C., Bondanza, A., Crosti, M. C., Rescigno, et al., Bystander apoptosis triggers dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. J. Immunol. 161, 4467-4471 (1998). 

Jaffrezou, J. P., Levade, T., Bettaieb, A., Andrieu, N., Bezombes, C., Maestre, N., Vermeersch, S., Rousse, A., and Laurent, G., 1996, Daunombicin-induced apoptosis triggering ofceramide generation through sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Embo./ 15 2417-2424. 

P. Cuevas, D. Rcimcrs, F. Carceller, V. Martinez-Coso, M. Redondo-Horcajo, 1. Saenz de Tejada, and G. Gimenez-Gallego, Fibroblast growth factor-1 prevents myocardial apoptosis triggered by ischemia reperfusion injury, EurJ Med Res 2, 465- 168 (1997). 

An illustrative example of combining protein modeling and electron microscopy data is the case of the apoptosome, an Apaf-1 cytochrome c complex that activates procaspase-9 [40]. The data obtained in this work helped to decipher the exact mechanism of a very important apoptosis triggering mechanism. Another interesting example is the use of computational and biochemical methods to conduct structural analyses of the seven proteins that compose the core building block of the nuclear pore complex [41]. 

Nagy, Z.A., Mooney, N.A. A novel, alternative pathway of apoptosis triggered through class II major histocompatibility complex molecules./. Mol. Med. 2003, 81, 757-765. 

There is an overwhelming wealth of studies on either hepatocyte necrosis or on non-hepatocyte apoptosis. However, information on specific mechanisms of apoptosis in primary hepatocytes in vitro or in experimental animals in vivo is relatively sparse. Unlike the situation in many leukemic/tumor cell lines that mostly die by apoptosis, triggering of cell death in hepatocytes by a variety of stimuli often results in necrosis (Rosser and Gores 1995). This does not necessarily imply a different death program in hepatocytes, since apoptosis and necrosis are neither mechanisms of cell death nor do they allow conclusions on the mechanism having led to cell death. In fact, similar mechanisms seem to operate in hepatocytes as in many other well characterized cell types, although the final outcome may be apoptosis or necrosis. 

Roos, W.P., Christmann, M., Fraser, S.T. and Kaina, B. (2007). Mouse embryonic stem cells are hypersensitive to apoptosis triggered by the DNA damage 0(6)-methylguanine due to high E2F1 regulated mismatch repair. Cell Death Differ. Vol. 14 No. 8 pp. 1422-1432 ISSN 1350-9047... 

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