Protein hydrolysates, effect

Otte, J., Shalaby, S. M., Zakora, M., Pripp, A. H., El-Shabrawy, S. A., Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of milk protein hydrolysates Effect of snbstrate, enzyme and time of hydrolysis, Int. Dairy J., 17, 488, 2007. 

In the development of the protein-fatty acid condensates it was possible to combine the renewable resources fatty acids (from vegetable oil) and protein, which can be obtained from both animal waste (leather) as well as from many plants, to construct a surfactant structure with a hydrophobic (fatty acid) and a hydrophilic (protein) part (Fig. 4.12). This was carried out by reacting protein hydrolysate with fatty acid chloride under Schotten-Baumann conditions using water as solvent. Products are obtained that have an excellent skin compatibility and, additionally, a good cleaning effect (particularly on the skin) and, in combination with other surfactants, lead to an increase in performance. For instance, even small additions of the acylated protein hydrolysate improve the skin compatibility. An... 

Although these experiments showed growth was possible using casein hydrolysate, Rose also demonstrated that when the amino acid mixture was used rather than the intact protein, additional calories had to be provided as fat plus carbohydrate, if nitrogen balance was to be maintained. It was later shown that the carbohydrate was needed to protect the free amino acids from oxidation in the intestinal epithelium in the course of absorption. Further, amino acids are poorly tolerated by mouth, causing vomiting and/or diarrhea. After World War II attempts to feed very emaciated prisoners in concentration camps with protein hydrolysates were unsuccessful. It was then recognized that osmotic effects from the amino acids were responsible for the unpleasant consequences. 

Moriguchi S, lino T, Kusumoto A, Shibata H, Ohta H, Kiso Y, Yabune M, Kajimoto O. (2006) Effect of the tea beverage added with peptides derived from sesame protein hydrolysates on blood pressure. J Nutr Food 9 1-14. 

Lee SH, Qian ZJ, Kim SK. (2010) A novel angiotensin 1 converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from tuna frame protein hydrolysate and its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 118 96-102. 

Orange oil is presented as a possible commercial source of (+)—a-copaene. Cost-effective studies must be made before these attractants can be established as being economical and practical. At the present time, trimedlure is still the only lure used for population monitoring of Medflies, and protein hydrolysates are used for baits in control methods. 

Tsai, J. S., Lin, T. C, Chen, J. L., and Pan, B. S. (2006). The inhibitory effects of freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea, Muller) muscle protein hydrolysate on angiotensin I converting enzyme. Process Biochem. 41, 2276-2281. 

Wang, J., Hu, J., Cui, Z., Bai, X., and Du, Y. (2008b). Purification and identification of a ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster proteins hydrolysate and the antihypertensive effect of hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem. Ill, 302-308. 

According to Lee et al. (2010), the peptide Gly-Asp-Leu-Gly-Lys-Thr-Thr-Thr-Val-Ser-Asn-Trp-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Try-Lys-Asp-Thr-Pro, derived from big-eye tuna frame protein hydrolysate, showed a strong suppressive effect on the systolic blood pressure of SHRs, while its antihypertensive activity was similar to that of captopril, a commercially available antihypertensive drug. Further, they reported no side effects after the administration of this antihypertensive peptide to rats. In addition, these marine antihypertensive peptides exhibit stronger antihypertensive activity in vivo than in vitro. The exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have yet to be identified however, it was suggested that bioactive peptides have a higher tissue affinity and are eliminated more slowly than captopril (Fujita and Yoshikawa, 1999). 

Gildberg, A., Bogwald, J., Johansen, A., and Stenberg, E. (1996). Isolation of acid peptide fractions from a fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 11, 97-101. 

Degradation of proteins by proteases has important implications for the quality of many foods. These include beneficial effects in the development of desirable attributes, such as texture and flavor, e.g. in cheese manufacturing, meat tenderization, beer brewing, soy and fish sauce manufacturing, and production of protein hydrolysates of various origins for different functional or nutritional purposes. The proteases involved may be endogenous to the foods or they may be added for specific pur-... 

Malathion [121-75-5], 0,0-dimethyl -(l,2-dicarbethoxy)ethyl phosphorodithioate (60) (bp 156—157°C at 93 Pa, d 1.23, vp 5.2 mPa at 30°C), is soluble in water to 145 mg/L. The rat LDBOs are 1375,1000 (oral) and 4000 (dermal). Malathion readily hydrolyzes in water above pH 7.0 and below pH 5.0. It is one of the most widely used general-purpose insecticides by virtue of its low mammalian toxicity and its good persistence, and is effective for the home garden, household, and against insects of public health importance including flies, mosquitoes, and lice. It is used with protein hydrolysate bait to control fruitflies (Tephritidae). 

Historically, L-aspartic acid was produced by hydrolysis of asparagine, by isolation from protein hydrolysates, or by the resolution of chemically synthesized d,L-aspartate. With the discovery of aspartase (L-aspartate ammonia lyase, EC 4.3.1.1),57 fermentation routes to L-aspartic acid quickly superseded the initial chemical methods. These processes are far more cost effective than the fermentation routes, and aspartate is now made exclusively by enzymatic methods that use variations of the general approach outlined in Scheme 2.19.53-57-65... 

The strategy of statistical design of experiments (Barros Neto et al., 1995 Rodrigues and lemma, 2005) appears to be a rational and efficient way for a direct and quick determination of the effect and interaction among the parameters analyzed (Montgomery and Runger, 1999). This type of procedure results in the minimization of cost and time. This strategy has proved to be adequate to qualitatively analyze the effects of the use of protein hydrolysates as supplements for insect cell cultivation (Ikonomou et al., 2001 Batista et al., 2005). 

Schlaeger EJ (1996), The protein hydrolysate, Primatone RL, is a cost-effective multiple growth promoter of mammalian cell culture in serum-containing and serum-free media and displays anti-apoptosis properties, J. Immunol. Methods 194 191-199. 

Can protein hydrolysates produce useful MRPs Protein hydrolysates themselves already have some antioxidative activity and Lingnert and Eriksson469 found this too, but the antioxidative effect was improved considerably on reaction with glucose. 

Obretenov el al.419 went a step further and used MRPs produced from protein hydrolysates (blood, sunflower grits) and starch hydrolysates. The strongest antioxidative effect on the induction period of lard, as determined by peroxide value, was obtained with a proportion of hydrolysates of 2 1 (blood/starch). The hydrolysate from blood was about twice as effective as that from sunflower grits. 

Proteolytic modification has special importance for the improvement of solubility of proteins. This effect becomes significant even after very limited proteolysis. Hydrolysis of casein to DH of 2 and 6.7% with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease increased the isoelectric solubility to 25 and 50%, respectively (Chobert et al., 1988a). However, it should be noted that the solubility profiles were not identical, due to a shift of the isoelectric point of the modified proteins. Solubility of a protein hydrolysate depends on the enzyme used (Adler-Nissen, 1986a). Protamex (a Bacillus proteinase complex) hydrolysates of sodium caseinate (DH 9 and 15%) displayed 85-90% solubility between pH 4 and 5 (Slattery and FitzGerald, 1998). 

A whey protein hydrolysate BioZate , containing ACE-inhibitory peptide was recently developed by Davisco Foods International Inc. The effect on blood pressure was studied with 30 unmedicated, non-smoking, borderline hypertensive men and women, and daily dose was 20 g. The results indicated that there was a significant drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure after 1-week treatment, which persisted throughout the study of 6 weeks. The application of this product is varied and flexible. In addition to the bioactive peptides, it has functional properties such as emulsification and foaming (Klink, 2002). 

Ingredia, a French dairy company, has developed Prodiet F 200 , a milk protein hydrolysate that contains a bioactive peptide with relaxing properties. The patented product has an anti-stress effect proven by several clinical studies and does not cause the classical side effects of anxiolytics. Food supplements, chocolate and animal feed are examples of its applications (Lefranc, 2002). 

Oral administration of hydrolysates (doses of 500 and 2000mg/kg of body weight) from upstream chum salmon muscle prepared with thermolysin resulted in significant reductions in the blood pressure of SHRs in comparison with control rats. Blood pressure in SHRs remained significantly lower than control rats for up to 8h, with the maximum reduction occurring 4h after administration, and levels returning to normal after 24h (Ono et al., 2003). This trend implies that the key constituents of the hypotensive effect were likely short-chain peptides from protein hydrolysates. In contrast, if the main... 

Besides ACE-inhibitory and antioxidative activities, other biological properties have been reported for protein hydrolysates and their associated bioactive peptides. For example, earlier studies demonstrated a hypolipidemic effect of fish protein (Bergeron and Jacques, 1989 Zhang and Beynen, 1993). A recent study by Tanaka et al. (2006) demonstrated production of protein hydrolysates from oyster prepared with aloase, an endoprotease from Bacillus subtilis, and... 

Interestingly, a marine-derived peptide product called Stabilium 200 has been reported to reduce anxiety in humans and to improve memory and learning performances in both rats and humans. Stabilium 200 is a derivative of the commercial product PC 60, which is a mixture of fish protein hydrolysates from mainly cod and mackerel. Bernet et al. (2000) reported that the marine-derived Gabolysat PC 60 showed anxiolytic properties by exhibiting diazepam-like effects on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and sympathoadrenal activity. 

Bemet, F., Montel, V., Noel, B., and Dupouy, J. P. 2000. Diazepam-like effects of a fish protein hydrolysate (Gabolysat PC60) on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and sympathoadrenal activity. Psychopharma., 149,... 

Khan, M. A. A., Hossain, M. A., Hara, K., Osatomi, K., Ishihara, T., and Nozaki, Y. 2003. Effect of enzymatic fish-scrap protein hydrolysate on gel-forming ability and denaturation of lizard fish Saurida wanieso surimi during frozen storage. Fish. Sci., 69,1271-1280. 

Nakano, D., Ogura, K., Miyakoshi, M., Ishii, F., Kawanishi, H., Kurumazuka, D., Kwak, C. J., Ikemura, K., Masanori, T., Moriguchi, S., lino, T., Kusumoto, A., Asami, S., Shibata, H., Kiso, Y., and Matsmura, Y. 2006. Antihypertensive effect of angiotensin I-conerting enzyme inhibitory peptides from a sesame protein hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 71, 1118-1126. 

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