Head kidney

Gildberg, A., Bogwald, J., Johansen, A., and Stenberg, E. (1996). Isolation of acid peptide fractions from a fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 11, 97-101. 

Zhang, J., Yan, Q., Ji, R., Zou, W., and Guo, G. (2009). Isolation and characterization of a hepcidin peptide from the head kidney of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 26, 864-870. 

Dannevig, B.H., B.E. Brudeseth, T. Gjoen, M. Rode, H.I. Wergeland, O. Evensen and C.M. Press. Characterization of a long-term cell line (SHK-1) developed from the head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1 213—226, 1997. 

Betoulle, S., C. Duchiron and P. Deschaux. The organochlorine insecticide y-hexachlorocyclohexane i y-HCCHlindane increases in vitro respiratory burst activity and intracellular calcium levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney phagocytes. Aquat. Toxicol. 48 211—221, 2000. 

Cao, D., A. Kocabas, Z. Ju, A. Karsi, P. Li, A. Pataterson and Z. Liu. Transcriptome of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) initial analysis of genes and expression profiles of the head kidney. Anim. Genet. 32 169-188, 2001. 

More recently, Laing et al.72 demonstrated increased expression of caspase-6 mRNA (encoding an apoptosis executioner enzyme) in cultured rainbow trout head kidney leukocytes exposed to cortisol and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exposure to... 

Exposure of the head kidney cell suspensions in vitro to test toxicants suspected of adrenotoxicity was carried out in several studies done under the same conditions... 

Leblond, V.S., M. Bisson and A. Hontela. Inhibition of cortisol secretion in dispersed head kidney cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 121 48-56, 2001. 

In bony fishes, corticosteroids are secreted from the interrenal tissues (analogous to the adrenal cortex) located in the head kidney region121 182. Cortisol is the major steroid released from these cells in response to neuroendocrine stimulation emanating from the hypothalamus and the pituitary (see Chapter 12). The release of cortisol in response to stress has been characterized in several species and also in response to different stressors and this topic has been extensively reviewed1011 70 182. Cortisol... 

Bhattacharya, S., D. Kumar and R.H. Das. Inhibition of thyroid hormone formation by Endrin in the head kidney of a teleost, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 16 1310-1312, 1978. 

Chatterjee, S. and S. Bhattacharya. Response of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus to industrial pollutants head kidney peroxidase, iodide peroxidase, and blood thyroid profiles. Water Air Soil Pollut. 25 161-174, 1985. 

Chatterjee, S., N.B. Jash and S. Bhattacharya. In vivo and in vitro activation of peroxidase in the head kidney of Channa punctatus (Bloch) by sublethal doses of carbofuran. Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 7 56-58, 1982. 

Zhou LY, Wang DS, Kobayashi T, Yano A, Paul-Prasanth B, Suzuki A, Sakai F, Nagahama Y (2007) A novel type of P450cl7 lacking the lyase activity is responsible for C2i-steroid biosynthesis in the fish ovary and head kidney. Endocrinology 148 4282-4291... 

Thymus Head kidney Caudal kidney Mucus/skin... 

The fish head kidney appears to be the primary organ for antibody production (Tian et al., 2009). The first appearance of antibody secreting lymphocytes varies considerably among fish species. The first appearance of B cells, as defined by the expression of Ig, is later in marine species compared to freshwater species, with larvae being 20-30 mm in length when Ig is first expressed, about a week after hatching in the case of rainbow trout and channel catfish (Magnadottir et al., 2005). 

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