Market situation

To describe the economic importance of polymer dispersions, a brief look at the stracture of the leather industry is helpful. 

The leather industry is one of the oldest and most complex industries world-wide. It is closely coupled to raw hide production and hence to meat consumption. livestock is bred world-wide. Accordingly, tanneries are located all around the globe. The articles made from leather differ greatly, ranging from shoe upper leather to apparel leather and to automotive leather. 

Since finished leather production is determined by raw hide production (Fig. 11-4), the annual growth rate of leather produced is only small (ca. 0.8 % year ). The predominant portion of leather produced is cattle hide (ca. 60 %), followed by small-animal skins (sheep, goat) at about 30 % and pork leather at ca. 10 %. 

About 180 000 tons annum of binders are estimated to be used in leather finishing world-wide. Of that, about 60 % are polyacrylate and polybutadiene dispersions and about 12 % polyurethane dispersions (Fig. 11-6). At about 20 %, the solvent-containing lacquers still account for a relatively large share today. However, this share will in future decrease further in favor of polyurethane dispersions. 

Bindsr consumption in finishing about ca. 180 000 metric tons/year 

---

Uses. The market for polyesterether elastomers is expected to grow to 60,800 t by 1996 (204). A projected world market situation is shown in Table 15. 

Unpredictable movements in the price level are uncommon in energy markets. The magnitudes of these price shocks can be substantial 1973 and 1979 oil price shocks, electricity price swings in June 1998, and 2000 oil price increases exemplify the potential magnitudes of these price fluctuations. Energy price dynamics usually consist of three components deterministic part, seasonal and cyclical influences, and noise. In a market situation with no demand or sup-... 

The market situation is that a few large producers of frozen and chilled foods supply a large number of retailers. This had led to the development of distribution stores, where goods are delivered in bulk, stored for a short time, order-picked and then sent out to the individual supermarkets and other outlets. 

Make Useful Coproducts. The success of this approach to process development is heavily dependent on the market situation but in suitable cases where there is market demand for the total output of both products such processes can be successful. Examples here are the coproduction of phenol and acetone, which is essentially noncatalytic, and the more recently developed process for the cooxidation of ethyl benzene and propylene to produce propylene oxide and styrene. 

Tausend Kandlejur eine Reaktion, Chemische Rundschau, February 2003 Industrial and institutional expert opinions general advantages of micro flow safety work of institutes particle precipitation pilot-scale operation challenges process control plugging miniature sensing and controlling emulsification market situation [204]. 

There are various uncertainties in all the data influencing the selection of a set of equipment uncertainties in recipe parameters, product specifications, processing times and size factors, equipment availability, product requirements, and resource availability. Data needed for the evaluation of processing times and equipment sizes are never 100% reliable. The market situation when the plant is started up will certainly be different from the situation at the time of the definition of a production program for the plant. Unpredictable process disturbances may also occur. 

The stated preference method is a direct approach and is used in order to value both use values and non-use values by using a hypothetical market. The choice experiment (CE) and the contingent valuation (CV) methods are the two most common examples of stated preference methods. In the CE method the respondents are asked to choose a level of environmental quality from a set of varying environmental qualities, called choice set. In the CV method the respondent is asked to imagine an environmental market situation and is then asked how she would act in that given situation. CE and CV attempts to find the WTP for a good or service by asking individuals direct questions about their preferences. Alternatively, researchers can ask the respondents for their WTA. 

The utilitarian man is a basis for decision making in economics. And it is a description that is valid in most market situations in the western societies at least. But, the utilitarian ethics is something that few other social sciences can find as rational for human decision making outside the usual market setting, as described earlier. 

The current marketing situation of GM cereals seems to be a result of hysteria in the popular press and, in the case of Europeans, a political move to boycott American imports. Taking a long-term and pragmatic view point, these issues may well disappear when time demonstrates they are incorrect in the first place and unfounded in the second. 

As with most collections of data, the price data correlated here exhibit a certain amount of scatter. This is due in part to the incomplete characterizations in terms of which the correlations are made, but also to variations among manufacturers, qualities of construction, design differences, market situations, and other factors. Accordingly, the accuracy of the correlations cannot be claimed to be better than 25% or so. 

The natural gas price is not reacting to what you might consider a free-market situation. I contend that it will eventually if the amendments to the Natural Gas Act that were part of the National Energy Act last year are not altered significantly. 

To understand the popularity of adhesive bonding in the automotive industry, one needs to take a look at the characteristics that define the current market situation for autos. 

The development of a corrosion resistant material e. g. may take a time too long for industrial implementation in a competitive market situation. Transpiring wall or filmcooled coaxial burner techniques have a high potential to solve said problems by design supported by a material test programme. 

Mix design, performance, and economics have been considered traditionally in pavement design in a largely empirical or intuitive way which does not allow simple comparisons to be made between candidate materials such as concrete and asphalt. A more efficient and consistent means of considering them is warranted because of the current need to use the most economical materials in a rapidly changing market situation. 

The seller can and will change prices depending on the market situation. However, at any given moment, the buyer should be able to reckon on certain prices and conditions. 

It has already been emphasized that a good knowledge of the entire scientific, medicinal and commercial background situation provides a sound base to define attractive aims for applied research projects. I used the term "creative market research" for this collection of information, to point out that despite the creative, research oriented purpose it is very much influenced by the market situation. In fact, a market assessment for a development product is based on exactly the same kind of information (compare Table 1). 

Simply conceiving of the problem as a market situation in which supply and demand meet does not fully capture the factors that influence the interface in the weapons-expertise arena. In fact, the empirical record on weapons materials and knowledge suggests that supply and demand often do not meet because the mechanisms required for a market fail to develop. Other factors influence the interaction of those who possess sensitive information, those who oversee the possessors of sensitive information, and... 

When providing this assistance to farmers, we always aim for long term collaboration, for environmentally friendly production and for correct prices based on the quality of the produce. However, with changing knowledge, regulations, market situations, technologies, customer and consumer expectations we are now in the process of re-drafting our collaboration with fanners. In future we will, as much as possible, include all three pillars of sustainable development in our collaboration with the farmers (People, Profit and Planet, or with other words. Society, Economy and Environment). This requires more... 

The stock price of a company is the result of short term clearing of a supply-demand situation on the stock market, and is influenced by day to day fluctuations as in other market situations, the price and the quantity sold are determined by the slope of the supply and demand curves. 

An important influence on production cost has, of course, the so-called on-stream factor, the number of production days per year. It is standard practice to assume that a well designed and operated plant should be capable to reach a minimum of 330 days per year, a value on which economic calculations are usually based. Modern plants often achieve higher on-stream factors. A beneficial effect is also that many plants achieve higher capacity than the original design. Plant outages because of operational problems or temporary shut downs for economic reasons because of unfavorable market situation can lower the profitability considerable. The on-stream factor is an average value, because plants should shut down only every 2 to 3 years for a major turn-around for repair and preventive maintenance. Only a very few short unscheduled shut-downs for repair work should occur between two turn-arounds. A start up needs between 15 to 30 hours and consumes a considerable amount of natural gas without an equivalent production (100 000-200 000 DM/d). 

---