Cleaner production program

The UNIDO project Demonstration of Cleaner Production Techniques 11 demonstrates that the concept of preventing wastes at their source as opposed to end-of-pipe treatment is as applicable and profitable in developing countries as in developed countries. The experience gained as well as the demonstrations produced will be of great value in the promotion and implementation of a Cleaner Production Program. 

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Cleaner Production Programme (a pamphlet on UNEP s cleaner production program). UNEP, Geneva, 1996. 

With increasing popularity and attention to proactive methods, structured methodologies are being developed to systematically explore, analyze, and implement energy conservation and waste minimization or cleaner production programs in industries. In many industries, such techniques are now being used as one of the management tools to monitor and control process efficiency and environmental liabilities. 

The exercise can also be used as an opportunity to create more employee awareness about the environmental issues and energy and waste-minimization and cleaner-production program. Rewards in the form of bonuses, prizes, or acknowledgment would motivate employees to voluntarily participate in the program. There are several common ways of raising interest and motivation that could benefit the program (Box 1). 

Use posters or banners to inform the staff about the pollution scenario and the requirements, benefits, objectives, and goals ofthe upcoming waste minimization and cleaner production program. 

Apart from the provision of various permutations of (chemical-based) boiler water programs, it is common to find water treatment companies supplying value adding chemicals and services in other boiler plant-related areas where their expertise in applied chemical technology can deliver additional economic benefit. Such areas typically include cleaning services for boiler waterside and fireside and the provision of fuel treatments and combustion additives, dust suppressants (for coal and ash handling), acids, and cleaner products. 

Countries need to build the technical and scientific institutional capacity to develop, absorb, and diffuse pollution prevention techniques and cleaner production processes essential for a successful program. This could be done by the following9 ... 

The UNIDO program links existing sources of information on low and nonwaste technologies and promotes cleaner production worldwide through four primary activities the International... 

These and other projects were included in the draft program of cleaner production for the Dnieper region. Each item in the program is backed with engineering and economic analyses. For many of the projects, international partners and prospective investors are sought that may gain profit by cleaning our environment. 

Although not explicit in the UNEP definition, the involvement of the United Nations parallels an international acceptance of the need for cleaner production. International participation in regional and global programs devoted to cleaner production is active. 

APELL is part of a broad cleaner and safer production program that UNEP DTIE has launched with the objective of promoting worldwide sustainable production and consumption patterns. 

Granek, F. and Hassanali, M. (2006) The Toronto Region Sustainability Program insights on the adoption of pollution prevention practices by small to medium-sized manufacturers in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Journal of Cleaner Production, 14 572-579. 

The new law also establishes a clean fuel car pilot program in California, requiring the phase-in of tighter emission limits for 150,000 vehicles in model year 1996 and 300,000 by the model year 1999. These standards can be met with any combination of vehicle technology and cleaner fuels. The standards become even stricter in 2001. Other states can opt in to this program, though only through incentives, not sales or production mandates. 

There are two main routes for online cleaning, either adjuncts or standalone programs. Within each route, corrective programs are available based on either high polymer content or high chelant content formulations. The polymer-based products tend to dislodge and disperse foulants, while the chelant-based products dissolve and sequester the deposits. In addition to the formulations described in Section 10.7, some other online cleaners are discussed in the following sections. 

NOTE This uses a chelant cleaner for phosphate-based programs. Although the feed rate is theoretically based on meeting the chelant demand, in practice, however, much of the demand is satisfied by the existing phosphate precipitant. The bulk of the EDTA is available to strip off old calcium deposits. Cycles of concentration should be limited. Use this formulation at 300 to 400 ppm in the boiler. At 400 ppm product, 30 ppm chelant is provided. 

Here is a typical example of a stand-alone cleaner that temporarily supplants the existing deposit control product. The program still demands the use of an oxygen scavenger and condensate line treatment. 

Such a program must be specific, realistic and not contradicting the idea of sustainability. It might be a program of cleaner industrial and agricultural production incorporating a systems principle of ascension from cleaner local units, mills, factories, and areas to a cleaner Ukraine to cleaner multinational regions. 

Chelant-based cleaners are also used, however, for many situations, and it is now becoming more common to use a slow and steady on-line cleaning protocol by the use of polymer/phosphonate-based, multiblend formulations. These programs employ relatively high doses of active product and can be expensive to use in large volume systems, but are unlikely to cause blockages, corrosion, or other damage to the system itself or any sensitive components. 

Initial PXD patterns of phase B materials (encountered, as above, when fumed silica was used as the Si02 source, or when products were crystallized in the presence of LiOH [47]) were clearly multiphasic, but by cross comparing reflection appearances and intensities in data from three different samples, it proved possible to assign the main peaks in the PXD patterns to one of three phases, of which the predominant was labelled B. Attempts at indexing using the treor program [55] based on the positions of a number of the peaks ascribed to phase B yielded two possible unit cells, one tetragonal (with a = 8.812(1)A and c = 12.460(2)A) and the other monoclinic (with a = 6.950(3)A, b = 12.467(5)A, c = 4.911(1)A and P = 116.24(2)°). A repeated synthesis of phase B yielded a much cleaner PXD pattern, that showed a well-defined (if weak) peak at 20 -12.3° which indicated the former cell to... 

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