National Transplutonium Element

National Transplutonium Element Program Review Committee, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1983)... 

The National Transplutonium Element Production Program was established in the late 1950 s to concentrate the "large-scale" production of transplutonium elements at a central location. 

Fig. 12.16 Flow sheets used for separation of transplutonium elements from irradiated Pu (a) France (Fontenay-aux-Roses) (b) United States (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). (Data from (a) Ref. 64 (b) Ref. 65.)...

Asprey, L. B., paper presented at the Third International Transplutonium Element Symposium, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, October 20-22,1971. 

Radioisotopes that decay by spontaneous fission with the direct accompanying release of neutrons are usually associated with the natural elements of uranium and thorium and the manmade element plutonium. However, the rate of decay of these elements by fission is so slow that it is only by incorporating them into large nuclear piles or chain reactors that they can be utilized as intense neutron sources. In the US Dept of Energy National Transplutonium Program, small quantities of elements heavier than plutonium are produced for basic research studies and to discover new elements with useful properties. One of these new elements, californium-252 (2S2Cf), is unique in that it emits neutrons in copious quantities over a period of years by spontaneous fission... 

Spectroscopic Studies on the Transplutonium Elements, W.T. Camall and J.G. Conway. In Opportunities and Challenges in Research with Transplutonium Elements, Report of a National Research Council Workshop, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983, pp. 287-298. 

Experience in the Separation and Purification of Transplutonium Elements in the Transuranium Processing Plant at Oak Ridge National Laboratory... 

W. W. Meinke (Ed.), Monographs on the Radiochemistry of the Elements, Subcommittee on Radiochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Nuclear Science Series, NAS-NS 3001-3058, Washington, DC, 1959-1962 W, W. Meinke (Ed.), Monographs on Radiochemical Techniques, Subcommittee on Radiochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Nuclear Science Series NAS-NS 3101-3120, Washington, DC, 1960-1965 I. Zvara, One Atom at a Time Chemical Studies of Transactinide Elements, in Transplutonium Elements (Eds. W. Muller, R. Lindner), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976 G. Herrmann, N. Trautmann, Rapid Chemical Separation Procedures, J. Radioanal. Chem. 32, 533 (1976)... 

National Research Council, 1983, Opportunities and Challenges in Research with Transplutonium Elements (National Academy Press, Washington, DC). 

Baybarz, R. D., Knauer, J. B., and Orr, P. B. (1973) Final Isolation and Purgation of the Transplutonium Elements from the Twelve Campaigns Conducted at TRV During the Period August 1967-Decemba 1971, US Atomic Energy Commission Document ORNL-4672, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 

Starting with neutron capture by the production of Es proceeds through a long chain of further captures and beta decays by intermediate nuclides during prolonged neutron irradiations. The yearly production of Es from 1962 onward in the USA is shown m Fig. 12.1. Prior to 1969, einsteinium and other transplutonium elements were produced by the individual National Laboratories but an overall US production program, centered at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, later superseded these individual efforts. The production of Es has now leveled off at a rate of about 2 mg per year while [Pg.200]

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