Production of paints and printing inks

High exposmes remained common in paint and printing ink industry still in 1970 s for example, most solvent measurements conducted in these industries in Finland exceeded the present OELs. Water-based paints are today clearly most common in construction painting. Alkyd-based construction paints with white spirit (Stoddard solvent, mineral spirit or solvent naphtha) as a solvent are, however, still produced. Solvent-based paints have remained most common in industrial painting, even though the solventless powder paints are also produced in large quantities. 

The main products are nowadays manufactured in automated processes. On the other hand, special products are also usually made in batches and include several manual tasks. In addition to paints and inks, thinners are often canned. When the processes are provided with proper enclosures and local exhausts, the airborne solvent concentrations can be kept well below the OELs. An easy but important control measme is to keep all solvent containing pots covered. Xylene (TLV 100 ppm, the F innish OEL100 ppm with skin notation), toluene 

In the Finnish printing ink plants, the combined solvent levels were still in the 1980 s often out of compliance when compared to the OELs. Significant airborne concentrations were observed for toluene, ethyl acetate (TLV 400 ppm, the Finnish OEL 300 ppm), aromatic solvent naphtha (the Finnish OEL 240 mg/m ), and acetone (TLV and the Finnish OEL 500 ppm). The cleaning of vessels of barrels was again an especially problematic task. If cleaning is done manually, it is difficult to control the exposure sufficiently well with local ventilation but respiratory protection is also needed. 

In addition to actual painting, the workers may become exposed to solvents during other tasks, such as solvent cleaning. For example, isopropanol (TLV 400 ppm, the Finnish OEL 200 ppm) is used for wiping cars before the application of the primer. If this is performed in a well-ventilated room, the concentrations remain below the OEL. As high concentrations as 130 ppm were, however, measured in a room provided with a ventilation of 50 air changes per hoiu.  

Solvent containing formaldehyde resin paints and lacquers have been used extensively in Nordic fumittue and wood product industry. In the early 1980 s, combined solvent concentration and especially formaldehyde levels often exceeded the OELs. The OEL violations became rare in the late 1980 s. The recent concentrations of other solvents than ethanol (even its mean concentration was only 17 ppm) have been below 10 ppm in Finland. Nowadays, solventless acrylics are mainly used for industrial wood coatings. This substitution has, however, created a new occupational health problem. The new products have caused many cases of dermal sensitization among exposed workers. 

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Use. Titanium dioxide is mainly used in the production of paints and lacquers (55—60%), plastics (15—20%), and paper ( 15%). Other apphcations include the pigmentation of printing inks, mbber, textiles (qv), leather, synthetic fibers, ceramics, white cement, and cosmetics. 

Carbon black is also used as a pigment for paints and printing inks, as a nucleation agent in weather modifications, and as a solar energy absorber. About 70% of the worlds consumption of carbon black is used in the production of tires and tire products. Approximately 20% goes into other products such as footwear, belts, hoses, etc. and the rest is used in such items as paints, printing ink, etc. The world capacity of carbon black was approximately 17 billion pounds in 1998. U.S. projected consumption for the year 2003 is approximately 3.9 billion pounds. 

P.R.ll has largely been replaced by other products. Its hue is a bluish red which resembles the color of ruby P.R.ll is more bluish than its positional isomer P.R.7. Both pigments behave similarly as far as fastness properties are concerned, which includes fastness to most of the solvents that are used in paints and printing inks, fastness to overlacquering, heat stability, and others. However, P.R.ll is much less lightfast than P.R.7 incorporated in medium-oil alkyd systems at 1/3 SD, P.R.ll scores 2 steps less on the Blue Scale (step 4). 

P.Y.139 is a reddish yellow pigment, used in plastics, paints, and printing inks. The commercial types exhibit a wide variety of particle size distributions and accordingly demonstrate very different coloristic properties, which is especially true for the hiding power. The opaque version is considerably redder. Incorporated in a paint, it is less viscous, which makes it possible to increase the pigment concentration without affecting the gloss of the product. 

Leafing and Nonleafing. Leafing pigments float on the surface of paint or printing ink films as a result of high interfacial tension. They form a coherent surface film whose reflective properties depend on the particle fineness. Stearic acid is the lubricant usually used in the manufacture of these products. 

Only a limited amount of resin can be added to white paints due to its intrinsic color. Addition of these hard resins increases the hardness and the gloss of the paint films, accelerates and improves the drying of oxidatively cross-linking alkyd resins, and optimises sanding properties and corrosion protection in putties. Modified phenolic resins have lost much of their importance because they have been replaced by more efficient binder systems (e.g., thermoplastic and cross-linkable acrylic resins, polyurethane systems). Rosin-modified phenolic resins are, however, still extremely important in the production of resins for printing inks. 

Isopropyl alcohol is extensively used in cosmetics, particularly for hair and skin lotions, and in pharmacy for preparations intended for external use. A further large area of use is the paint and printing ink industry. Isopropyl alcohol is added to fuels to prevent the icing up of the carburetor and increase the octane number. It is an important feedstock for the chemical industry, for example, in the production of acetone (particularly in the United States), esters, plasticizers, and ethers. Isopropyl alcohol is also important as a solvent (e.g., for recrystallization and extraction) and as a moistening agent for cellulose nitrate. It is furthermore used in the aerosol sector. 

At that time the Division of Paint, Varnish,Printing inks and Plastics probably enrolled about 15-20 percent of the American Chemical Society directly or indirectly affiliated as providers of the final products, or vendors of intermediates. In addition, about 80 percent of them were showing up at the national meetings. 

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) is used to prepare tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and methacrylate in transesterification reactions with lower acrylate esters. These reactive monomers are used in the formulation of ultraviolet light-curable adhesives, coating, paints, and printing inks. THFA is an effective coalescing solvent for latex paints and is used in epoxy resin formulations. The oleic acid ester of THFA is used as a plasticizer for vinyl resin products. The high solvency of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol for dyes permits higher dye... 

The commercial source of lecithin is predominately soybeans. It is an FDA approved food additive employed as a stabilizer and emulsifier in margarine, dressings, chocolate, frozen desserts, and baked goods. Furthermore, lecithin is also used in such products as paints, soaps, printing inks, and cosmetics, to name only a few. 

Because of its balance between alcohol, water, and hydrocarbon-like characteristics, isopropanol is an excellent, low-cost solvent free from government regulations and taxes that apply to ethanol. The lower toxicity of isopropanol favors its use over methanol. Consequently, isopropanol is used as a solvent in many consumer products and industrial products. It is used widely as a solvent for cosmetics, and many aerosol products contain isopropanol as a solvent. Because it is a good solvent for a variety of oils, gums, waxes, resins, and alkaloids, isopropanol is used for preparing cements, primers, varnishes, paints, and printing inks (Logsdon and Loke 1996). 

Many of the Ministries also publish information of chemical interest. The Board of Trade publishes a full Census of Production every three years which consists of about 140 booklets each on a special industry such as Dyestuffs, Coal Tar Products, Explosives and Fireworks. Paint and Printing Ink. The Central Statistical Office issue the Monthly Digest of Statistics and the Annual... 

Toluene is used as an intermediate for synthesis processes or as a solvent, or it is dealkylated to benzene [32]. In the USA, 240,000 t were used as solvent in 1968 [13]. In Japan, toluene also plays an important role as a solvent in paint and printing ink works, and annual emissions of 250,000 t [33] to 600,000 t [34] toluene are estimated from this application alone. In addition to emissions in workplaces or the environment, accidents are also possible in connection with the use of toluene and other solvents. For example, a leakage of toluene and other chemical products in July 1979 caused a major fish kill in the Main/Rhine rivers [35]. 

Xylenes are used inter alia as solvents, for example in the USA 180,000 t p.a. [13] and in Japan 90,000 t [33], particularly in the paint and printing ink industries (see also [5]). In eastern Europe it is also used for numerous applications in the shoe industry, o-xylene (besides naphthalene) is mainly oxidized to phthalic anhydride from which dyestuffs, phthalodinitrile and - by esterification with alcohols - plasticizers and raw materials for paints and varnishes are obtained [36, 38]. p-xylene is oxidized and processed with methanol to terephthalic acid dimethyl ester, from which polyesters are made [36, 38, 39]. For example, in 1972 2.9 million t polyester fibres were produced worldwide [39] and in 1979 more than 5 million t, which corresponds to 2.8 million t of p-xylene [30 a]. Polystyrene and copolymers (including expanded plastics) in particular are polymerized from styrene, and the world annual production of these products around 1975 was about 5 million t [39, 40],... 

Minor uses of vanadium chemicals are preparation of vanadium metal from refined pentoxide or vanadium tetrachloride Hquid-phase organic oxidation reactions, eg, production of aniline black dyes for textile use and printing inks color modifiers in mercury-vapor lamps vanadyl fatty acids as driers in paints and varnish and ammonium or sodium vanadates as corrosion inhibitors in flue-gas scmbbers. 

Calcium carbonate is one of the most versatile mineral fillers (qv) and is consumed in a wide range of products including paper (qv), paint (qv), plastics, mbber, textiles (qv), caulks, sealants (qv), and printing inks (qv). High purity grades of both natural and precipitated calcium carbonate meet the requirements of the Food Chemicals Codex and the United States Pharmacopeia and are used in dentifrices (qv), cosmetics (qv), foods, and pharmaceuticals (qv). 

Consequentiy, phthalocyanines are used extensively ia printing inks and paints. The preponderance of blue and green labeling on products is testament to the popularity of phthalocyanine-based printing inks, and most blue and green cars are the product of phthalocyanine-based paints (see Phthalocyanine compounds). 

Dichlorobenzidine is used primarily in the production of yellow, and some red and orange pigments for the printing ink, textile, paper, paint, rubber, plastic, and related industries (EPA 1979a). As of 1983,... 

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