Special industries

Uses. Silver fluoride has found many laboratory and special industrial appHcations. It is used as a soft (nHld) fluorinating agent for selective fluorination (7—17), as a cathode material in batteries (qv) (18), and as an antimicrobial agent (19). Silver fluoride is commercially available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac Corp., Johnson/Matthey, PCR, Atochem, and other sources in the United States. The U.S. price of silver fluoride in 1993 was 1000— 1400/kg and the total U.S. consumption was less than 200 kg/yr. 

By 1960, the elements of modem membrane science had been developed, but membranes were used in only a few laboratory and smaU, specialized industrial appHcations. No significant membrane industry existed, and total annual sales of membranes for aU appHcations probably did not exceed 10 million in 1990 doUars. Membranes suffered from four problems that prohibited their widespread use as a separation process they were too unreHable, too slow, too unselective, and too expensive. Partial solutions to each of these problems have been developed since the 1960s, and in the 1990s membrane-based separation processes are commonplace. 

Proprietary Solvents and Special Industrial Solvents. Proprietary solvents and special industrial solvents are made with specially denatured alcohols according to the formulas authorized by the BATE. They can be purchased by customers without payment of tax, without posting a bond for tax, and without securing a permit from the BATE. SuppHers are required, however, to notify the BATE of the name, address, type of business, and approximate annual requirements and intended end use for any user buying in bulk. 

Proprietary solvents may be repackaged for retail, wholesale, and industrial sales. Retail sales of special industrial solvents are prohibited. Agents may repackage special industrial solvents for wholesale and industrial sales, but only in dmm quantities and with the producer s label. Special labeling requirements of the BATE apply to both proprietary and special industrial solvents. 

Special industrial hygiene considerations associated with clean up and decontamination activities may need to be implemented. 

Periodic and special industrial category or geographic area inspections. 

The company he founded in 1986, Goodfellow Consultants Inc., receited the 1992 Canada Award for Business Excellence (CABE) in the environmem field for the development of a computer program for the design of specialized industrial ventilation systems. Dr. Gtxidfellow is a recognized expert in the en tiiation, air pollution control, and air quality area.s. 

Historically, the know-how to synthesize and handle ionic liquids has been treated somehow like a holy grail . Up to the mid-1990s, indeed, only a small number of specialized industrial and academic research groups were able to prepare and... 

The atmospheric pollution prevailing in special industrial or laboratory locations may induce more severe corrosion, e.g. the vapours from concentrated hydrochloric or acetic acid will etch tin, and moist sulphur dioxide will produce a sulphide tarnish, as will hydrogen sulphide at temperatures above about 100°C. The halogens attack tin readily. The commonly used volatile corrosion inhibitors are without adverse action although the benefit derived from their use is doubtful. 

NOTE Apart from the standard packaged, horizontal and vertical boilers discussed previously, other designs of packaged, direct-fired, LP steam generators are commonly available but designed for special industrial applications, such as curing concrete. 

C14-0119. Both CCI4 (carbon tetrachloride) and CS2 (carbon disulfide) are liquids used as solvents in special industrial applications, (a) Using data Irom Appendix D, calculate A 77 ° and A G ° for combustion... 

In addition to these exemptions, there are three types of units that are conditionally exempt from the regulations. These are metal recovery furnaces, precious metal recovery units, and certain other special industrial units. In order to claim these exemptions, owners/operators must provide a onetime written notice claiming the exemption, conduct sampling, and analysis, and maintain records to demonstrate compliance with all applicable requirements. Any waste management prior to burning in this type of unit, and any resulting residues, are subject to applicable hazardous waste regulation. 

Special Industries Certain industrial units, such as secondary lead and nickel-chromium smelters and mercury recovery furnaces, and other units that process wastes from metals recovery normally do not meet the conditions required for being considered as legitimately burned for metals recovery. U.S. EPA revised the BIF standards to conditionally exclude those wastes that are processed for metals recovery, but do not meet the criteria. Waste streams in these units must contain recoverable levels of metals and the waste must not contain more than 500 mg/L of the toxic organics listed in Part 261 to be considered for this conditional exemption. 

A comprehensive book series which encompasses the complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules from elemental carbon dust in the interstellar medium to the most specialized industrial applications of elemental carbon and its derivatives. A great emphasis is placed on the most advanced and promising applications ranging from electronics to medicinal chemistry. The aim is to offer the reader a book series which not only consists of self-sufficient reference works, but one which stimulates further research and enthusiasm. 

Fortunately, as far as asthma is concerned, the significant agents are relatively few in number and not commonly encountered except in specialized industries. Table 7-3 lists some of those concerned. 

System installation in a permanent location may require a sample conditioning system featuring some degree of automation, such as automatic cleaning (the system illustrated above features such a system) and outlier sample collection and the need to interface to an existing control system process computer. The latter may require that the system operates with a standardized communications protocol, such as Modbus, for the chemical industry. Certain specialized industries use different protocols, such as the semiconductor industry, which uses SECS and SEC-11 protocols. A standardized approach designated the Universal Fieldbus is another method/protocol for process analyzers which is being supported by certain hardware manufacturers. 

The form of nickel emitted to the atmosphere varies according to the type of source. Species associated with combustion, incineration, and metals smelting and refining are often complex nickel oxides, nickel sulfate, metallic nickel, and in more specialized industries, nickel silicate, nickel subsulfide, and nickel chloride (EPA 1985a). 

The use of a dissolved salt in place of a liquid component as the separating agent in extractive distillation has strong advantages in certain systems with respect to both increased separation efficiency and reduced energy requirements. A principal reason why such a technique has not undergone more intensive development or seen more than specialized industrial use is that the solution thermodynamics of salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibrium are complex, and are still not well understood. However, even small amounts of certain salts present in the liquid phase of certain systems can exert profound effects on equilibrium vapor composition, hence on relative volatility, and on azeotropic behavior. Also extractive and azeotropic distillation is not the only important application for the effects of salts on vapor-liquid equilibrium while used as examples, other potential applications of equal importance exist as well. 

Some special industrial stirred reactors are illustrated in Figure 17.10 (b) is suitable for pasty materials, (c) for viscous materials, and the high recirculation rate of (d) is suited to intimate contacting of immiscible liquids such as hydrocarbons with aqueous solutions. 

Current NRC regulations for source material in 10 CFR Part 40 (AEC, 1961) and byproduct material in 10 CFR Part 30 (AEC, 1965a) specify conditions for exemption of many products or materials that contain small amounts of radioactive material (see also Schneider et al, 2001). These exemptions apply to commercial or specialized industrial uses of radioactive materials, as well as their disposal, and they include many common consumer products e.g., timepieces, smoke detectors, thorium gas mantles). These exemptions were established based on judgments by AEC and NRC that the benefits of exempt uses far outweighed the risks to public health. 

Unusual forms of bacteria were discovered growing in unusual environments of high temperatures and/or high salt in the 1970s (see previous section and references 57-59). Many of these bacteria elaborate enzymes that have high temperature optima, and therefore have special industrial interest in the conversion of starch to D-glucose or specific maltodextrins.78... 

Several other fibrous materials have been produced, but they are regarded as fibers with special performance characteristics, used either in limited textile or in specialized industrial applications. Some of these worth noting are Spandex (1959), Aramid (1961), polybenzimidazole (PBI) (1983), and Sulfar (1983). 

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