Cereal grain

Wheat grains contain total tocopherol and tocotrienol of 40 pg/g (e.g., Barnes, 1983 White and Xing, 1997), where p-tocotricnol ( 50%) and a-tocopherol 

Barley grains contain all eight tocopherols and tocotrienols (Table 1.3), but there is a large variation in the total contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols. The major vitamers are a-tocotrienol (contributing to 50%), a-tocopherol, P-tocotrienol and y-tocotrienol, and they are generally correlated positively with each other (Peterson and Qureshi, 1993). The total vitamer content in whole-grain barley of 30 genotypes 

Distribution of Tocopherols (T) and Tocotrienols (T3) in Milling Fractions of Swedish Winter Wheat (pg/g dry matter) 

Data modified from Jagerstad and Hakansson (1988) and Wennermark and Jagerstad (1992). 

Functional Foods Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Volume 2 

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Cereal brans Cereal consumption Cereal grain Cereal grains... 

Calcium Absorption. Phytates in cereal grains have also been reported to interfere with the absorption of calcium. However, a long-term study indicated a retention of calcium in subjects that consume large amounts of bread made with high extraction of flour (19). 

The development of high fmctose com symp (HECS) may provide another health benefit attributable to cereal grains (see Syrups). These symps are being used to an ever-increasing extent by the food industry. Shortly after HECS came on the market, a dramatic increase in the price of sucrose acted as a spur to the production of the high fmctose symps. 

Plant proteins from single sources, such as soybean meal, may be abundant in specific amino acids that are deficient in some cereal grains. Thus a combination of soybean meal and com with theh amino acid symbiosis may provide an exceUent amino acid profile for dogs. Plant protein mixtures alone do not meet the amino acid needs for cats, because taurine [107-35-7] is not generaUy present in plant proteins. 

Com, wheat, and rice are the most desirable common grains and are used extensively ia pet foods. Oats and barley often tend to have excess fiber, which can be objectionable. However, barley is a preferred grain for moisture absorption and form ia caimed foods because the turgid white form is desired ia some canned dog foods. Milo has enormous variations ia tannin content which can influence digestibiUty and acceptabiUty, thus limiting its use ia pet foods (see Wheat and other cereal grains). 

By approximately 8 weeks after birth, the mminant has developed a fully functional mmen capable of extensive fermentation of feed nutrients (4). The rate of development of the mminal environment depends on the amount of milk consumed by the neonate in relation to its growth requirements, the avadabihty and consumption of readily digestible feedstuffs, and the physical form of the feedstuffs (4). The mmen develops much faster with hay than with milk (36). Concentrates, ie, high cereal grain diets, increase the absorptive surface of the mmen but mminal size and musculature develops much more slowly with a concentrate diet than with a forage diet (4). 

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