Clostridium species

Acid producers. Many bacteria produce acids. Acids may be organic or inorganic depending on the specific bacterium. In either case, the acids produced lower the pH, usually accelerating attack. Although many kinds of bacteria may generate acids, Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Clostridium species have most often been linked to accelerated corrosion on steel. 

FeOOH) indicated that a Clostridium species released 55% of the coprecipitated nickel after 40 hours. Similarly, precipitated nickel sulfides in sediment can be mobilized through sulfur oxidation by Thiobacilli (Wood 1987). In this case, the oxidized sulfur may produce H2SO4 and decrease the pH. 

Organisms such as Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Clostridium species have been linked to accelerated corrosion of mild steel. Aerobic Thiobacillus oxidizes various sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfides to sulfates. This process promotes a symbiotic relationship between Thiobacillus and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Also, Thiobacillus produces sulfuric acid as a metabolic by-product of sulfide oxidation. 

Clostridium species are anaerobic, spore-forming microbes. The formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids produced as a result of their metabolic activity can enhance the corrosion of steel. 

Among the bacilli, gram positive Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium species are highly sensitive. Among the spirochetes. Treponema pallidum is highly sensitive to penicillin. 

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug (see Chapter 52) that also has potent antibacterial activity against anaerobes, including bacteroides and Clostridium species. It is well absorbed after oral administration, is widely distributed in tissues, and reaches serum levels of 4-6 mcg/mL after a 250-mg oral dose. Metronidazole can also be given intravenously or by rectal suppository. The drug penetrates well into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain, reaching levels similar to those in serum. Metronidazole is metabolized in the liver and may accumulate in hepatic insufficiency. 

Teraguchi, S., Shin, K., Ozawa, K., Nakamura, S., Fukuwatari, Y., Tsuyuki, S., Namihira, H., and Shimamura, S. 1995b. Bacteriostatic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on proliferation of Clostridium species in the gut of mice fed bovine milk. Appl. Environ. Microb. 61, 501-506. 

Molasses, fruit juice, corns, bagasse, Jerusalem artichockes, cassava, whey, sulfite liquor, saw dust and other wood by-products are used as substrates for alcohol and glycerin production. Starch-based substrates should be first saccharified by amylases prepared from barley, fungi or bacteria. Cellulosic materials must also be chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzed before being used as substrates for alcohol production. Clostridium species contain amylases and are able to convert starch and cellulose directly16). 

Stolz, J.F., Perera, E., Kilonzo, B., Kail, B., Crable, B., Fisher, E., Ranganathan, M., Wormer, L., Basu, P. (2007). Biotransformation of 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid (roxarsone) and release of inorganic arsenic by Clostridium species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 818-23. 

Primarily gram-positive organisms streptococcal species, enterococcus, penicillin-susceptible pneumococci. Treponema pallidum. Few gramnegative anaerobic organisms and Clostridium species. 

Lysine-2,3-aminomutase catalyses the reversible interconversion of L-ct-lysine (136) and L-3-lysine (137). It has been shown, using a cell-free extract of Clostridium species, that, in the rearrangement of (136) which affords (137), the 3-pro-R hydrogen of a-lysine is transferred to C-2, and the 3-pro-S hydrogen is retained at C-3 of (137) occurs in this reaction at both C-3 and C-2. 

A positive correlation was observed between the total abundance of Clostridium species and hydrogen production during part of an operational run. 

Antibacterial strong activity against most anaerobic gram-negative Bacteroides species and Clostridium species (DOC in pseudomembranous colitis)... 

Recent work by Laanbroek, Smit, Klein-Nulend and Veldkamp (8) shows that this phenomenom may also explain the coexistence of versatile and specialist Clostridium species. Furthermore, results obtained by Harder and co-workers (W. Harder, University of Groningen, unpublished) indicated that the same principle may apply to generalists and specialists among the methanol utilizing bacteria. 

The use of lincosamides (see list in Table 1.5) is contraindicated in horses because of the potential risk of serious or fatal enterocolitis and diarrhea. This commonly involves overgrowth of the normal microflora by nonsusceptible bacteria such as Clostridium species. Oral administration of lincomycin to ruminants has also been associated with adverse side effects such as anorexia, ketosis, and diarrhea. Such use is therefore contraindicated in ruminants. 

Lincomycin is formulated as a pre-mix and as a soluble powder for addition to drinking water for use in poultry and pigs and is also available in a parenteral formulation for the pig. Oral administration is contraindicated in all mminants because of the risk of bacterial overgrowth with Clostridium species. However, lincomycin is licensed for use parenterally in calves as a combination product... 

El-Gendy, S.M. et al.. Survival and growth of Clostridium species in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, / Food Protect., 43,431,1980. 

Lecithins are complex phospholipids and occur in serum and egg yolk. Enzyme activity breaks down the emulsion and liberates free fats so that turbidity is created. The test is used for distinguishing Clostridium species and may be carried out using commercially available egg yolk suspensions. 

The CSC firstly isolated and patented industrial strains of the C. saccharobutylicum species and designated them Clostridium saccharo-butyl-acetonicum-liquefaciens [27]. Arzberger (1938) and Carnarius and McCutchan [17] submitted the US patents delineating those Clostridium species. The industrial strains were subsequently named C. acetohutylicum, however, Keis and coworkers suggested the name C. saccharobutylicum [23]. 

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