Price maintenance

Compared to similar sized fixed wing aircraft, helicopters usually have higher purchase prices, maintenance and operating costs... 

These vehicles are compared in terms of total cost per mile based on assumptions about vehicle price maintenance, insurance, license, and registration costs and associated fuel cosfs. Table 1.4 summarizes... 

Vehicle Technology year Vehicle price ( ) Maintenance Insurance ( /yP) License and registration Fuel efficiency (mpg)... 

The typical analytical approach is to study the source of inefficiency (often related to double marginalization), and various mechanisms for achieving channel coordination and/or Pareto improvement. Mechanisms so studied recently include resale price maintenance, full-line forcing, quantity discounts, manufacturer returns, quantity flexibility, sales rebates, revenue sharing, price protection, and markdown allowances. New studies continue to be produced at a prodigious rate by generalizing the basic framework, perhaps by adding retailer decision variables (e.g., some form of effort, in addition to retail price... 

Perry, M.K. and R.H. Porter, Can Resale Price Maintenance And Franchise Fees Correct Sub-Optimal Levels Of Retail Service, InternationalJoumal of Industrial Organization 8,1 (1990), 115-141. 

Shaffer, G., Slotting Allowances And Resale Price Maintenance A Comparison Of Facilitating Practices, Rand Journal of Economics, 22, 1 (1991), 120-135. 

The load capacities are required for the civU engineering at a very early stage thus they should already be asked for at this point in time. The price maintenance states the duration of the price validity. The presentation of the preliminary quotation for the main apparatus is followed by a tedinical and commercial analysis. The prices resulting from this are the basis for deternrtning the investment. 

Semi-moist Pet Foods are generally received more favorably by the dog than are dry, meal-type animal foods. Compared to canned foods, the semi-moist products are sometimes preferred in the case of lower priced maintenance diets, but less preferred than the higher priced (higher meat-type) diets. 

Produced from a.tura.1 Ga.s, Cost assessments of methanol produced from natural gas have been performed (13—18). Projections depend on such factors as the estimated costs of the methanol production faciUty, the value of the feedstock, and operating, maintenance, and shipping costs. Estimates vary for each of these factors. Costs also depend on the value of oil. Oil price not only affects the value of natural gas, it also affects the costs of plant components, labor, and shipping. 

From the standpoint of commercialization of fuel ceU technologies, there are two challenges initial cost and reHable life. The initial selling price of the 200-kW PAFC power plant from IFC was about 3500/kW. A competitive price is projected to be about 1500/kW orless for the utiHty and commercial on-site markets. For transportation appHcations, cost is also a critical issue. The fuel ceU must compete with conventional mass-produced propulsion systems. Furthermore, it is not clear if the manufacturing cost per kilowatt of small fuel ceU systems can be lower than the cost of much larger units. The life of a fuel ceU stack must be five years minimum for utiHty appHcations, and reHable, maintenance-free operation must be achieved over this time period. The projection for the PAFC stack is a five year life, but reHable operation has yet to be demonstrated for this period. 

There are large concentrations of proven reserves ia specific areas of the globe such as the Middle East, North America, and the Confederation of Independent States. Thus the future of natural gas, worldwide, is dependent on the flow of natural gas across international boundaries on a long-term basis. This future is also dependent on the maintenance of an economic balance between the price of oil and the price of natural gas. 

The economic importance of an ore deposit itself is largely affected by mineral or metal prices. Mine closures and reopenings are a common event in the mineral iadustry for this reason. Economics can also be affected by the ore composition, for example, by unacceptable levels of penalty elements ia the ore. The assessment of overall economics of exploiting a given ore deposit is similar to that for any large-scale industry. The various cost components are those associated with equipment, labor, utiUties, contingencies, operation and production, transportation, working capital, suppHes, maintenance. 

Special Types. Many other coupling types are available. These vary ia degree of complexity, maintenance time, torque capabiUties, and price. A good comparison study on coupling is available (36). An elastomer-type coupling is one of the most popular types used, particularly ia the chemical iadustry. 

Miscellaneous Direct Costs Estimates for the cost of maintenance and repairs, operating supplies, royalties, and patents are best based on company records for similar processes. A rough average value for the annual cost of maintenance is 6 percent of the capital cost of the plant. This percentage can vaiy from 2 to 10 percent, depending on the severity of plant operation. Approximately half of the maintenance costs are for materials and half for labor. Royalty and patents costs are in the order of 1 to 5 percent of the sales price of the product. 

Cost Data for Kilns Purchase prices, weights, and horsepower requirements of typical units are given in Table 12-21. Installed costs will run to from 300 to 500 percent of purchase cost. Maintenance will average 5 to 10 percent of the total installed cost per year but is dependent largely on the hfe of the refractoiy lining. 

Decommissioning or disposal costs can be calculated in the same manner as maintenance costs, in Eq. (16.3) of Section 16.5. Decommissioning costs may be positive or negative. In some cases the equipment s depreciated value is greater than the disposal costs. The plant owner can sell the used equipment at a higher price than the cost of dismantling and transporting it. 

But for power station applications, the thermal efficiency is not the only measure of the performance of a plant. While a new type of plant may involve some reduction in running costs due to improved thermal efficiency, it may also involve additional capital costs. The cost of electricity produced is the crucial criterion within the overall economics, and this depends not only on the thermal efficiency and capital costs, but also on the price of fuel, operational and maintenance costs, and the taxes imposed. Yet another factor, which has recently become important, is the production by gas turbine plants of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) which contribute to global warming. Many countries are now considering the imposition of a special tax on the amount of CO2 produced by a power plant, and this may adversely affect the economics. So consideration of a new plant in future will involve not only the factors listed above but also the amount of CO2 produced per unit of electricity together with the extra taxes that may have to be paid. 

The method is based on relating electricity price to both the capital related cost and the recurrent cost of production (fuel and maintenance of plant) ... 

In the unit price of electricity (Kk) derived in Section B.2, the dominant factors are the capital cost per kilowatt (CJW), which generally decreases inversely as the square root of the power (i.e. as the fuel price the overall efficiency tjq, the utilisation H hours per year) and to a lesser extent the operational and maintenance costs (OM). 

The difference between the actual sales price of the liquid and the break-even price of the liquid in Table 9-3 provides the income to pay out the capital cost, fuel cost, and other operating and maintenance expenses necessary to make the recovery of the gas economically attractive. 

The cost of N2, like that of O2, is particularly dependent on electricity costs, though plant maintenance and transport costs also obtrude. Typical prices in 1992 for No in the USA were about 32 per tonne for bulk liquid (exclusive of transportation and handling charges). Costs for small-scale users of N2 from gas cylinders are proportionately much higher. 

The efficient heat pump reduces energy use by 1,676 kWh per year on average. Is the efficient model heat pump a good investment Suppose the incremental cost of the efficient unit, as compared with the less efficient unit, is 1,000, and electricity cost 10 cents per kWh. With this price of electricity, the efficient heat pump reduces electricity costs by 167.60 per year. Taking a simplified approach for purposes of illustration and assuming that each unit lasts indefinitely and has no repair, maintenance, or replacement costs, and ignoring possible tax effects, the internal rate of return may be calculated as 1,000= 167.60/r, which is 16.76 percent per year. If the household can borrow money at, say, 10 percent per year and earn 16.76 percent, the investment makes economic sense. If we assume a 10 percent discount rate, the present value of the investment is 1,676, which exceeds the initial investment cost. The net present value is 676, which indicates that the investment is feasible. 

Residential Pricing Residential natural gas rates are for tiatural gas seivice atid for the gas commodity. The price of the gas commodity comprises about oue-third of the total price a residential customer pays, on average. The remainder of the bill includes amounts for transmission and distribution of gas, system maintenance, safety and inspection programs, customer service, metering, billing and other costs. 

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