Global-warming

In 2002, President Bush created the Climate Change Science Program, which, after spending 1.7 billion on several years of study, reported that the climate is in fact changing. Yet global warming has become a political issue. 

Post-Oil Energy Technology After the Age of Fossil Fuels 

This is unfortunate, because such debates slow down reaching an agreement on the corrective steps that have to be taken. I hope that this book will show that the issue of global warming is not a claim of the left or the right, because both sides of the globe are warming  

Over the past 5 billion years, the temperature of Earth has varied naturally—sometimes the planet has been colder, and sometimes 

One way scientists have learned about the levels of carbon dioxide in the past is through the analysis of ice cores. An ice core is a tube of ice, usually drilled out of a glacier or ice sheet, that contains bubbles of air trapped inside layers of snow and ice. Each layer of snow and ice represents roughly a year. The deeper the layer, the older the ice sample. From the size and chemical content of each layer, scientists can draw conclusions about the temperatures at that point in history at that spot on the planet. At the same time, the bubbles of air preserved in each layer contain indicators of the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide present at that time. 

By measuring the carbon dioxide content of the bubbles and comparing it to the known temperatures of the time, scientists have concluded that high levels of atmospheric carbon make for warmer 

Nearly 6 million acres of Alaska s forest and wilderness burned to the ground during the summer of 2004—that s an area about the size of the entire state of Vermont. It was the largest fire in Alaska s state history. Firefighting resources were exhausted, weather conditions were uncooperative, and a lot of people got sick from smoke by simply going outside. 

The fires began as soon as the summer started. According to the National Interagency Fire Center, on June 14 and 15 about 17,000 lightning bolts struck the state and started hundreds of fires. These fires, some large and some small, continued to burn and spread over the next three months. By September, about 700 different blazes had been documented. 

Brooks, John A. (1973). Glass. New York Golden Press. 

Douglas, R. W., and Susan Frank (1972). A History of Glassmaking. Oxfordshire, England G. T. Foulis Co. 

Kampfer, Fritz, and Beyer, Klaus G. (1966). Glass A World History. London Studio Vista. 

Kenneth E., and Kolb, Doris K (1988). Glass Its Many Facets. Hillside, NJ Enslow. 

Phillips, Phoebe (1981). The Encyclopedia of Glass. New York Crown Publishers. 

This is essentially the result of the large difference in the temperature of the sun (around 6000 K) and that of earth (about 286 K). Because of this large difference in temperature, the frequency of the infrared radiation emitted hy the earth is much lower than that of incoming solar radiation, and is effectively absorbed by these greenhouse gases. 

In the US, the Everglades area in southern Florida is likely to be affected. A closely related concern is the possible intrusion of saline water into bodies 

In the 1990s the record for global mean surface temperature was broken four times (1990, 1995, 1997 and 1998) making it the wannest decade on record for Northern Hemisphere in the millennium  

In Bangladesh over 21 milhon of the population Uve in areas likely to be affected by a 1-meter rise in sa level. The figure for China is about 70 million http //www.climatechangesolutions.com/english/science/gimpact.htm 

Warming would cause major shifts in the areas of natural ecosystem types such as temperate or boreal forest, prairie and tundra. At the IPCC projected levels of warming the boundaries of biomes could shift towards the poles by several hundred kilometers. 

These in turn will increase weather-related deaths, damage coastal cities and towns, and ruin coastal ecosystems. 

The visible and ultraviolet radiation from the sun is partly absorbed by atmospheric gases and partly reflected by clouds and the earth s surface, but most is absorbed by the earth. The latter re-emits energy at a much longer wave-length. This infrared radiation is absorbed to some extent by gases in the atmosphere, both natural compounds and pollutants, causing the lower atmosphere and the earth s surface to warm up slightly. 

Carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, the CFCs, and nitrous oxide contribute most to the greenhouse effect. HCFCs represent less than 1%, the chlorinated solvents part is roughly estimated at 0.04 % of the total. 

The relative global warming potential (GWP) of some CFCs, HCFCs and of 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane is given in Table 27. 

The phasing out of CFCll, CFC12 and CCI4 according to the Montreal Protocol eliminates at the same time significant contributors to the global warming. 

On July 10th 1976 an explosion occurred in a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy, releasing some kilogramms of dioxins into the environment. This event and its consequences led to an emotive controversal discussion in the scientific community and in the public, which made dioxin a synonym for almost all problems of the chemistry with chlorine. 

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Fig. 7. Estimates of greenhouse-gas contributions to global warming in the 1980s. Percentages of total contributions are CO2, 49 CH, 18 CFC-11 and...

Perhaps the biggest environmental challenge for ironmaking processes into the twenty-first century involves responding to the concerns about global warming. Ironmaking processes require the use of carbon-based reductants, and ultimately result in the emission of carbon dioxide. 

Carbon. Most of the Earth s supply of carbon is stored in carbonate rocks in the Hthosphere. Normally the circulation rate for Hthospheric carbon is slow compared with that of carbon between the atmosphere and biosphere. The carbon cycle has received much attention in recent years as a result of research into the possible relation between increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, most of which is produced by combustion of fossil fuel, and the "greenhouse effect," or global warming. Extensive research has been done on the rate at which carbon dioxide might be converted to cellulose and other photosyntheticaHy produced organic compounds by various forms of natural and cultivated plants. Estimates also have been made of the rate at which carbon dioxide is released to soil under optimum conditions by various kinds of plant cover, such as temperature-zone deciduous forests, cultivated farm crops, prairie grassland, and desert vegetation. 

Two engines are under development as of this writing the two-stroke engine and the lean bum engine. The driving forces behind this development are fuel economy and global warming (see ATMOSPHERIC MODELS). 

Fenner (11) has pointed out that short-lifetime constituents of the atmosphere such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and nonmethane hydrocarbons may also play roles related to global warming because of their chemical relations to the longer-lived greenhouse gases. Also, SO, with a very short life interacts with ozone and other constituents to be converted to particulate sulfate, which has effects on cloud droplet formation. 

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