Power station applications

But for power station applications, the thermal efficiency is not the only measure of the performance of a plant. While a new type of plant may involve some reduction in running costs due to improved thermal efficiency, it may also involve additional capital costs. The cost of electricity produced is the crucial criterion within the overall economics, and this depends not only on the thermal efficiency and capital costs, but also on the price of fuel, operational and maintenance costs, and the taxes imposed. Yet another factor, which has recently become important, is the production by gas turbine plants of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) which contribute to global warming. Many countries are now considering the imposition of a special tax on the amount of CO2 produced by a power plant, and this may adversely affect the economics. So consideration of a new plant in future will involve not only the factors listed above but also the amount of CO2 produced per unit of electricity together with the extra taxes that may have to be paid. 

The research is focused on future energy needs with near-zero emissions in coal-fueled power station applications. Key system goals include ... 

The pulser/receiver HILL-SCAN 30XX boards satisfy DIN 25450. Typical applications are ultrasonie imaging systems for nuclear power stations and for aircraft, material characterization, transducer qualification, replacement of portable flaw detectors (inspections of welded joints), inspection of new materials, measurement systems with air eoupling. ... 

Energy Related Applications. Much research, with regard to the use of cesium in energy related processes, has resulted in Httle commercial apphcation. The heightened awareness of the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel power stations has resulted in increased research both into efficiency improvements for existing plants and into alternative power generation (qv) methods. 

These applications have considerably more stringent performance requirements than any other application. Circulating water pumps, boiler feed pumps, forced-draught (FD) and induced-draught (ID) fans, pulverizers (ball mills) and condensate pumps are components in a thermal power station that may require extra safety in a standard motor to make it able to fulfil these requirements and withstand abnormal service conditions and system disturbances. Abnormal operating conditions may be one or more of the following ... 

Textile motors Crane motors Determining the size of motor Sugar centrifuge motors Motors for deep-well pumps Motors for agricultural application Surface-cooled motors Torque motors or actuator motors Vibration and noise level Service factors Motors for hazardous locations Specification of motors for Zone 0 locations Specification of motors for Zone I locations Motors for Zone 2 locations Motors for mines, collieries and quarries Intrinsically safe circuits, type Ex. f Testing and certifying authorities Additional requirements for ciritical installations Motors for thermal power station auxiliaries Selection of a special-purpose motor... 

Three reports have been issued containing IPRDS failure data. Information on pumps, valves, and major components in NPP electrical distribution systems has been encoded and analyzed. All three reports provide introductions to the IPRDS, explain failure data collections, discuss the type of failure data in the data base, and summarize the findings. They all contain comprehensive breakdowns of failure rates by failure modes with the results compared with WASH-1400 and the corresponding LER summaries. Statistical tables and plant-specific data are found in the appendixes. Because the data base was developed from only four nuclear power stations, caution should be used for other than generic application. 

Thermal power plant is more commonly associated with very large central power stations. The capital cost for thermal power plant, in terms of cost per installed kilowatt of electrical generating capacity, rises sharply for outputs of less than some 15 MW. It is for this reason that thermal power plant is not usually considered for industrial applications unless it is the combined cycle or combined heat and power modes. However, for cases where the fuel is of very low cost (for example, a waste product from a process such as wood waste), then the thermal power plant, depending on output, can offer an excellent choice, as its higher initial capital cost can be offset against lower running costs. This section introduces the thermal power cycle for electrical generation only. 

These types are most common in power station-sized boilers and process industries such as cement and gypsum, where the residual ash is absorbed in the process. As their application is at the larger end of the combustion field, on-site milling and preparation is technically feasible and... 

In the industrial world of manufacturing plants, power stations and the like, more than 80% of painting is concerned with the maintenance of existing structures and plant. Although airless spraying can be more than 20 times faster than brush application and conventional spray some four times as fast, there are many occasions where access difficulties and safety considerations prevent their use. Rollers and brushes therefore continue to be widely used. 

The previous section has evidenced that NH3-SCR technology has been used successfully for more than two decades, to reduce NOx emissions from power stations fired by coal, oil and gas, from marine vessels and stationary diesel engines. NH3-SCR technology for high-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles has also been developed to the commercialization stage and is already available as an option in the series production of several European truck-manufacturing companies starting from 2001. For mobile source applications, the preferred reductant source is aqueous urea, which rapidly hydrolyses to produce ammonia in the exhaust stream. 

The high level of safety and reliability required of nuclear power stations has meant that systematic estimates of polymer lifetime have been performed more widely here than in any other industry. The approach is described in Section 5.3. Many applications of polymers are in locations that cannot be monitored by regular inspection. The practice has been to subject polymers in these regions to independent assessment or environmental qualification , a process in which their potential degradation mechanisms are identified within a worst case environment of 40 °C and high humidity. If the predicted lifetime of a component is less than the design life of 40 years a schedule is laid down for its replacement. 

An important requirement for SCR catalysts, especially for stationary applications and power stations, is to combine high activity in the de-NO reaction and very low (almost negligible) activity in the oxidation of SO2 to SO3. 

Composition 78% copper, 20% zinc, 2% aluminum, and 0.03% arsenic. It has better corrosion resistance than admiralty brass due to an ability to self-heal when abraded. It is used in applications where high velocities are common such as in marine and land power stations as well as sewage and wastewater treatment plants. 

Li ndal, B. Kristmannsdottir, H. 1989. The scaling properties of the effluent water from Kizil-dere power station, Turkey, and recommendation for a pilot plant in view of district heating applications. Geothermics, 18, 217-223. 

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