C-type animal

Fig. 2. Summary of structural features of C-type animal lectins. The (nearly) invariant residues found in the coimnon carbohydrate-recognition domain of the C-type lectins are shown, flanked by schematic diagrams of the special effector domains (if any) found in individual members of the family. GAG, glycosaminoglycan EGF, epidermal growth factor. Reproduced from K. Drickamer, Two Distinct Classes of Car bohydrate-recognition Domains in Animal Lectins, J. Biol. Chem., 263 (1988) 9557-9560 (Ref. 35) 1988. The American SocietyforBiochemistry Molecular Biology with permission by Professor Kurt Drickamer and The American Society for Biochemistry Molecular Biology.

The C-type animal lectins include endocytic receptors such as hepatic lectins, macrophage receptors and selectins that mediate the adhesion of leukocytes to... 

Bezouska, K., Vlahas, G., Horvath, O., Jinochova, G., Fiserova, A., Giorda, R., Chambers, W.H., Feizi, T. and Pospisil, M. (1994a) Rat natural killer cell antigen, NKR-Pl, related to C-type animal lectins is a carbohydrate-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem., 269,16945-16952. 

R 471 J. Pavlicek, D. Kavan, P. Pompach, P. Novak, O. Luksan and K. Bezouska, Lymphocyte Activation Receptors New Structural Paradigms in Group V of C-Type Animal Lectins , Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2004,32,1124... 

Chambers WH, Adamkiewicz T, Houchins JP (1993) Type II integral membrane proteins with characteristics of C-type animal lectins expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. Glycobiology 3 9-14... 

Figure 4. Summary of the structures of several groups of C-type animal lectins. Figure 1 in reference 16 is modified.

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are a group of peptide hormones in animals that are critically involved in salt and water homeostasis (for review see [5]). NPs include atrial NP (ANP), brain NP (BNB), C-type NP (CNP), and urodilatin all of which are synthesized as larger precursor proteins. In... 

Hueck, C. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62 (1998) 379—433. 

In monoclonal antibody purification, biological risks are primarily related to the host animal cells, but also to animal supplements for culture medium such as fetal bovine serum or pure proteins (e.g., bovine albumin, insulin, and transferrin). A special risk associated with production of antibodies with rodent cell lines is their high load of C-type particles. These particles are considered as incomplete retroviruses. The danger regarding infecting humans is not clear. Thus, the efficient separation of these particles must be guaranteed. These particles are quantified either by immunological techniques or electron microscopy. 

Guanylin] Animals ex endocrine Paneth cells in Activates C-type PM GC... 

Mitochondria contain ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q), which differs from plastoquinone A (Chapter 5, Section 5.5B) by two methoxy groups in place of the methyl groups on the ring, and 10 instead of 9 isoprene units in the side chain. A c-type cytochrome, referred to as Cyt Ci in animal mitochondria, intervenes just before Cyt c a h-type cytochrome occurring in plant mitochondria is involved with an electron transfer that bypasses cytochrome oxidase on the way to 02. The cytochrome oxidase complex contains two Cyt a plus two Cyt a3 molecules and copper on an equimolar basis with the hemes (see Fig. 5-16). Both the Fe of the heme of Cyt a3 and the Cu are involved with the reduction of O2 to H20. Cytochromes a, >, and c are in approximately equal amounts in mitochondria (the ratios vary somewhat with plant species) flavoproteins are about 4 times, ubiquinones 7 to 10 times, and pyridine nucleotides 10 to 30 times more abundant than are individual cytochromes. Likewise, in chloro-plasts the quinones and the pyridine nucleotides are much more abundant than are the cytochromes (see Table 5-3). 

Figure 11.29. Structure of a C-Type Carbohydrate-Bindiug Domain from an Animal Lectin. A calcium ion links a mannose residue to the lectin. Selected interactions are shown, with some hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity.

Lectins can be divided into classes on the basis of their amino acid sequences and biochemical properties. One large class is the C type (for calcium-requiring) found in animals. These proteins each have a homologous domain of 120 amino acids that is responsible for carbohydrate binding. The structure of one such domain bound to a carbohydrate target is shown in Figure 11.26. 

Structure of a C-type carbohydrale-binding domain from an animal lectin Figure 11.26... 

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