Manufacturer returns

Laugesen M (2003) Tobacco manufacturers returns for calendar year 2002. Report to the Ministry of Health, New Zealand. Health New Zealand, 2003 Lee EM, Malson JL, Moolchan ET, Pickworth WB (2004) Quantitative comparison between a nicotine delivery device (Eclipse) and conventional cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 6 95-102... 

The use of restrictive formularies can add a measure of uncertainty and delay to the drug development process and could affect manufacturers returns to R D. In the past, there were reports of long delays in the adoption of new drugs into Medicaid formularies after FDA approval. A study of delays in Medicaid formulary approvals for new drugs introduced between 1975 and 1982 in six States with restrictive formularies found the average delays in approval time for drugs eventually accepted ranged from about 1 to 4 years after approval by the FDA (153). An update of that study, which examined nine States over the period 1979 to 1984, found similar delays (156). 

A finished product returned from the market (ie. which has left the control of the manufacturer), returned because of complaints, damage, age or other circumstances which may prejudice the quality of the goods should be considered for re-sale, re-labelling or bulking for repacking only after it has been critically assessed by Quality Assurance. The nature of the product, any special storage conditions it requires,... 

The typical analytical approach is to study the source of inefficiency (often related to double marginalization), and various mechanisms for achieving channel coordination and/or Pareto improvement. Mechanisms so studied recently include resale price maintenance, full-line forcing, quantity discounts, manufacturer returns, quantity flexibility, sales rebates, revenue sharing, price protection, and markdown allowances. New studies continue to be produced at a prodigious rate by generalizing the basic framework, perhaps by adding retailer decision variables (e.g., some form of effort, in addition to retail price... 

Value Whole supply chain Distribution Supply Manufacturing Return... 

A manufacturer storage network is likely to have difficulty handling returns, hurting customer satisfaction. The handling of returns is more expensive under drop-shipping because each order may involve shipments from more than one manufacturer. Returns can be handled in two ways. One is for the customer to return the product directly to the manufacturer. The second approach is for the retailer to set up a separate facility (across aU manufacturers) to handle returns. The first approach incurs high transportation and coordination costs, whereas the second approach requires investment in a facility to handle retems. 

Eastman Goal Chemicals. In 1983 Eastman Chemical Co. became the first chemical producer in the United States to return to coal as a raw material for large-scale manufacture of industrial chemicals (35). In that year, Eastman started manufacturing acetic anhydride from coal. Acetic anhydride is a key intermediate for production of coatings, ceUulosic plastics, and cellulose acetate fibers. Acetic anhydride from other sources also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, starches and sweeteners, and flavors and fragrances. 

Environmental Aspects. More than two-thirds of aluminum cans are recaptured and returned for recycling into more cans. Because of the heat of melting, the use of post-consumer recycled cans is safe for beverage contents. Not only does recycling save on mass of materials, it also saves the energy of manufacture from aluminum ore (see Recycling, nonferrous metals). 

Manufacture. Phosphoms pentachloride is manufactured by either batch or continuous processing. In the former, the phosphoms trichloride usually dissolves in carbon tetrachloride before being treated with chlorine. A mixture of ca one part of phosphoms trichloride to one part of carbon tetrachloride is introduced to a water-jacketed vessel that contains an efficient stirrer and a tight cover with a redux condenser. The chlorine is passed into the vessel below the Hquid level, and crystals of phosphoms pentachloride form in the Hquid. When the reaction is completed, the suspension of crystals of phosphoms pentachloride in the carbon tetrachloride is drawn out of the vessel and the crystals are filtered and then dried by circulating hot water through the jacket of the filter. The clarified carbon tetrachloride is returned to the reaction vessel. 

Sodium bicarbonate precipitates from solution and is recovered by filtration. Ammonium chloride is then crystallised from the filtrate, separated, washed, and dried. The exact proportion of ammonium chloride recovered depends on the relative demands for sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride. If economic conditions requite, part of the ammonia can be recovered and returned to the hrine-ammoniation step by distillation of the ammonium chloride solution ia the presence of lime. The spent calcium chloride Hquor, a final product ia manufacture of sodium carbonate by the ammonia—soda process, can also be used to obtain ammonium chloride. This Hquor is treated with ammonia and carbon dioxide... 

Latex compound viscosity obviously forms an important aspect of dipped product manufacture. Accurate measurement by a Brookfield or similar viscometer is desirable to estabhsh the fundamental viscosity of a compound, but Flow-Cup viscometers (Ford B.3 Cup) are more commonly used for day-to-day control of latex compounds during compounding and product manufacture. It is necessary to ensure that only stainless steel flow cups are used, if the measured latex is allowed to return to the production tanks brass cups yield an unacceptable level of copper contamination, which adversely affects aging properties of products made from copper-contaminated mbber compound. 

A more permanent installation is provided by a chain-driven sampler, widely used in paper (qv) and steel (qv) mills, manufactured as the E Sampler by QCEC (20). A cup, which is attached to a chain positioned perpendicular to flow, travels down through the Hquid flow and returns to the upper sprocket, where the sample is drained into a container. Flow-proportional timers can be installed to change the rate of sampling with flow rate (see Flow l asurel nt). 

The manufacture of silver nitrate for the preparation of photographic emulsions requires silver of very high purity. At the Eastman Kodak Company, the principal U.S. producer of silver nitrate, 99.95% pure silver bars are dissolved in 67% nitric acid in three tanks coimected in parallel. Excess nitric acid is removed from the resulting solution, which contains 60—65% silver nitrate, and the solution is filtered. This solution is evaporated until its silver nitrate concentration is 84%. It is then cooled to prepare the first crop of crystals. The mother Hquor is purified by the addition of silver oxide and returned to the initial stages of the process. The cmde silver nitrate is centrifuged and recrystallized from hot, demineralized water. Equipment used in this process is made of ANSI 310 stainless steel (16). 

Gleaning. Fouling films are removed from the membrane surface by chemical and mechanical methods. Chemicals and procedures vary with the process, membrane type, system configuration, and materials of constmction. The equipment manufacturer recommends cleaning methods for specific apphcations. A system is considered clean when it has returned to >75% of its original water flux. 

Tile is manufactured ia several ways. la each method, a coatiauous sheet is formed gauge refinement and planishing are carried out ia subsequeat caleaderiag steps. Stresses that could lead to poor dimensional stabiHty are avoided. The efforts to preveat stresses are governed by formulatioa, stock and roU temperatures, conveyor speeds, etc. After the final calendeting, a resia—polymer—wax finish is appHed to the surface of the sheet which is thea buffed before it moves to the puach press. Frame scrap and tile rejected because of defects are returned to the mixers and recycled. 

Syrup Mixing and Handling. Most parent companies sell concentrated flavor bases to franchise bottlers and allow the bottlers to mix this with their own sweetener and water. This defrays shipping costs and reduces the labor demand on parent company manufacturing. In return, franchise bothers are able to purchase sweeteners from local suppHers at a substantial discount and reduce their overall costs. 

Dry reduced nickel catalyst protected by fat is the most common catalyst for the hydrogenation of fatty acids. The composition of this type of catalyst is about 25% nickel, 25% inert carrier, and 50% soHd fat. Manufacturers of this catalyst include Calsicat (Mallinckrodt), Harshaw (Engelhard), United Catalysts (Sud Chemie), and Unichema. Other catalysts that stiH have some place in fatty acid hydrogenation are so-called wet reduced nickel catalysts (formate catalysts), Raney nickel catalysts, and precious metal catalysts, primarily palladium on carbon. The spent nickel catalysts are usually sent to a broker who seUs them for recovery of nickel value. Spent palladium catalysts are usually returned to the catalyst suppHer for credit of palladium value. 

Most of the vinyl acetate produced in the United States is made by the vapor-phase ethylene process. In this process, a vapor-phase mixture of ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen is passed at elevated temperature and pressures over a fixed-bed catalyst consisting of supported palladium (85). Less than 70% oxygen, acetic acid, and ethylene conversion is realized per pass. Therefore, these components have to be recovered and returned to the reaction zone. The vinyl acetate yield using this process is typically in the 91—95% range (86). Vinyl acetate can be manufactured also from acetylene, acetaldehyde, and the hquid-phase ethylene process (see Vinyl polymers). 

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