Price Validation

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The load capacities are required for the civU engineering at a very early stage thus they should already be asked for at this point in time. The price maintenance states the duration of the price validity. The presentation of the preliminary quotation for the main apparatus is followed by a tedinical and commercial analysis. The prices resulting from this are the basis for deternrtning the investment. 

Ca 480 pages with ca 480 figures and ca 95 tables. Hardcover. DM 248.00. Subscription price DM 198.00 (valid until Dec. 31st, 1995). ISBN 3-527-29207-1... 

To be useful to those concerned with choices in the allocation of health and social care resources, the data for economic evaluations need to be timely, relevant, credible and accurate (Davies, 1998). As a minimum, the costs associated with the interventions should be estimated from activity data, which quantify resources used, and price or unit cost data. Often evidence from well-controlled prospective trials with high internal validity is required to establish whether differences in economic end points are directly attributable to the interventions. However, the economic evaluations of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors estimated costs from retrospective analysis of available datasets Qonsson et al, 1999b), analysis of published literature (e.g. Stewart et al, 1998) and expert opinion (e.g. O Brien et al, 1999 Neumann et al, 1999). This means that it is not clear whether differences in costs were due to the anticholinesterase inhibitors or to other factors such as availability of services in different areas, the living situation of the patient, or disease severity. 

The model was also extended11 to single-crystal surfaces of silver. Although the calculated inner-layer capacitances varied in the right way from one face to another, the values were much too low. The problem was suspected to be due to the importance of the d electrons. What is still needed in this model is a better treatment of the solvent phase, valid at higher charge density, and a better way of deriving the repulsive potential of the solvent on the electrons, perhaps by a direct pseudopotential calculation, as done by Price and Halley.98,99... 

One might question whether the cost information in Table 7-2 and Fig. 7-4 could be used today, because these data are based on 1980 information and prices have increased greatly since that time. Elowever, as seen from Eq. (7-25), the cost parameters (i.e., B, C, and a) appear as a ratio. Since capital costs and energy costs tend to inflate at approximately the same rate (see, e.g., Durand et al., 1999), this ratio is essentially independent of inflation, and conclusions based on 1980 economic data should be valid today. 

Finally, we should mention that in addition to solving an optimization problem with the aid of a process simulator, you frequently need to find the sensitivity of the variables and functions at the optimal solution to changes in fixed parameters, such as thermodynamic, transport and kinetic coefficients, and changes in variables such as feed rates, and in costs and prices used in the objective function. Fiacco in 1976 showed how to develop the sensitivity relations based on the Kuhn-Tucker conditions (refer to Chapter 8). For optimization using equation-based simulators, the sensitivity coefficients such as (dhi/dxi) and (dxi/dxj) can be obtained directly from the equations in the process model. For optimization based on modular process simulators, refer to Section 15.3. In general, sensitivity analysis relies on linearization of functions, and the sensitivity coefficients may not be valid for large changes in parameters or variables from the optimal solution. 

For Marx the value-form is expressed in monetary prices. Labour-time embodied in use-values can only be socially validated as value when as commodities they are sold for money. Money is the form in which commodities appear as exchange-values in the market place. In their exposition of this value-form approach, Reuten and Wiliams (1989 53) conclude, In bourgeois society...labour and the products of labour are thus socially recognized as useful only by assuming the form of value money. ... 

The embodied labour values represent the total (direct and indirect) labourtime required to produce each unit of physical output. These embodied labour values have to be socially validated in their value-form as money. By setting prices equal to values, the embodied labour magnitude and the money value-form are assumed to be identical. 

Modern methods of sample handling for determination of surfactants in aqueous samples are practically all based on SPE and modifications thereof. Substantial reductions in analysis time, solvent consumption, sample volume required, and number of off-line steps have thus been achieved. This has not only increased the analysts capacity and analysis price per sample, but also decreased the risk of both analyte loss and contamination during sample handling. Whether or not this has indeed resulted in an increased quality of analytical results still needs to be validated through, e.g. intercalibration exercises. This aspect is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. 

In closing, Beckman explained what he thinks is needed to teach a chemical product design course The course should be team taught and available to multiple disciplines, should use sustainability as a constraint, should use validation tools, and should consider the voice of the customer as well as adequate product performance and price. 

The critics of government-imposed price controls on pharmaceutical products do have a valid point. As long as the price ceilings are set above the incremental cost of producing these products, manufacturers will be tempted to sell at whatever those controlled prices are, because they earn at least a positive margin toward the recovery of fixed costs. The problem is that the price ceilings may be set at levels far below fully allocated fixed costs per unit. If every payer followed that strategy, pharmaceutical companies would soon become insolvent. 

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