Fixed-wing aircraft

The first bombs developed by the US Navy, CBU-55, were used in Vietnam, and tests to perfect an advanced version of the weapons system have continued. The CBU-55B air-to-surface free-fall cluster bombs were developed for helicopter.and siow-speed fixed-wing aircraft delivery to clear helicopter landing zones of mines booby traps. This FAE bomb was designed to disperse a mixt of vaporized fuel (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, m e thy lacetylene/propa diene/pro pane and others) in a cloud 50 ft in dram and approx 8 ft thick. It has three 100-lb individual canisters 13.6 inches in diam by 21 inches long, each containing ca 72 lbs of fuel. The canisters separate from the dispenser after... 

Dipping sonar devices equip manned antisubmarine helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft the aircraft flies low and suspends a sonar device at the end of a wire-link which is held just below the surface of the w. The sonar technique is also used in sonabuoys, which use active or passive sonar to detect and locate submarines. Sonabuoys provide anti-submarine warfare data to aircraft which cannot dip sonar devices while hovering overhead, the data being transmitted by coded radio signals... 

Mylar sheeting immediately above the canopy, at three levels in the crown, and at each cardinal position in the canopy. A salt (MnSOjj) was added to the tank mix as a tracer (17). One spray application was made at tree top by a Hughes 500C helicopter and two applications by a Stearman fixed-wing aircraft. 

Other studies were conducted by the FS in 1976 to expand the data base on the size of drops which deposited on Douglas-fir needles. These studies provided an opportunity to determine if the drop size distribution would be similar to drop size distributions of tank mixes studied earlier. The 1976 study involved aerial application of acephate and trichlorfon, and the 1981 study involved Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel 4L and Thuricide 16B). These data have not been published or reported previously. The chemical tank mixes were applied by helicopter and the B.t. tank mixes were applied by fixed-wing aircraft. 

It is apparent that effects of eddy currents and general air turbulence might be approximated by modifying Equations 10 and 14. Modifications of the basic equations could possibly account for solute effects. Extension of the theory to nonaqueous solvents requires the appropriate evaluation of Ap and K. Momentum imparted by vertical spray nozzles affects the time required for droplets to reach terminal fall velocity (II). Helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft impart a downward vector to the bulk of the spray and also produce a turbulent effect on the time of droplet fall and should be accounted for. 

Fixed-wing aircraft Antarctic krill and other ... 

Dispersants are applied either neat (undiluted) or diluted in sea water. Aerial spraying, which is done from small and large fixed-wing aircraft as well as from helicopters, is the most popular application method. Spray systems on small aircraft used to spray pesticides on crops can be modified to spray dispersant. Such aircraft can perform many flights in one day and in many different conditions. Their capac-... 

Rotary-wing aircraft are also used in agriculture. Their advantages and limitations compared to fixed wing aircraft are summarised in Tables 6.3 and 6.4. 

Compared to similar sized fixed wing aircraft, helicopters usually have higher purchase prices, maintenance and operating costs... 

Helicopters have been traditionally favoured for use in this part of Australia given their inherent advantages in manoeuvrability and ease of operation in built-up areas. A helicopter is generally less cost effective than a fixed-wing aircraft in terms of payload to engine horsepower (Tables 6.3 and 6.4), but is able to perform productively where its performance characteristics can be used to advantage. 

Limestone is generally applied from boats, which use the lake water to prepare a slurry containing up to 30 % by weight of calcium carbonate. Some systems prepare the slurry either on the lake shore, or adjacent to a nearby road, and pump the slurry via floating pipelines to a boat which disperses the slurry over the surface of the lake. Aerial application from fixed wing aircraft and helicopters is also used for remote lakes, using either powder, or pre-mixed slurry. 

It includes two potential modes of transportation for off-site shipments of CWM (1) military aircraft and (2) truck. Choice of mode is based on distance to be transported and the quantity of CWM. Military aircraft is preferred, including both helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. Helicopters are used if the distance is within the range of the helicopter without refueling or to move the CWM from the location where it is found to a military airfield for shipment by fixed-wing aircraft. 

Figure 1. Carbaryl (broken line)/captan (solid line) applications by fixed wing aircraft in presence and absence of a temperature inversion.

Specific Spray Conditions. The field locations, equipment used and conditions for spraying potato fields with mancozeb by fixed-wing aircraft are presented in Tables II and III. Similar data for application of mancozeb by a ground alrblast sprayer (tomatoes) and by a compressed air sprayer (home yard) are given in Tables IV and V respectively. 

Table II. Field Locations and Equipment Used For Spraying Potato Fields with Mancozeb by Fixed-Wing Aircraft...

Fixed-wing aircraft must fly above 10,000 feet and helicopters must remain below 400 feet. 

I regularly, routinely imposed altitude limitations in northern Iraq. On the fourteenth of April, the restrictions were a minimnm of ten thonsand feet for fixed-wing aircraft. This information was in each sqnadron s Aircrew Read Hie. Any exceptions had to have my approval. [159]... 

Roles and Responsibilities The MCC had operational control over the Army helicopters while the CFAC had operational control over fixed-wing aircraft and tactical control over all aircraft in the TAOR.The Combined Task Force commander general (who was above both the CFAC and MCC) had ultimate responsibility for the coordination of fixed-wing aircraft flights with Army helicopters. 

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