Unit prices

High purity hexafluorozirconic acid and its salts are produced by Advance Research Chemicals of the United States, and Akita and Moritta of Japan. The technical-grade green-colored material is suppHed by Cabot Corp. of the United States. In 1993, the U.S. market for fluorozirconic acid was about 250,000 kg/yr the world market was less than 500,000 kg/yr. A principal part of this production is consumed by the wool, garment, and upholstery industries. The 1993 price varied between 2.4 to 6.6/kg depending on the quaUty and quantity required. Potassium fluorozirconate [16923-95-8], K ZrF, is commercially important the world market is about 750,000 kg/yr. The most important appHcation is as a fire-retardant material in the wool (qv) industry, for the manufacture of garments, upholstery for aeroplane industry, and children s clothes (see Flame retardants). The 1993 unit price was between 5.0 and 6.6/kg. 

Economics. Rigid foam systems are typically in the range of 32 kg/m (2 Ibs/fT) and, in 1992, had a foam price of about 3.63/kg ( 1.65 per lb) with hquid foam systems at about 2.75/kg. Unit prices for pour-ia-place polyurethane packaging systems fall between the competitive expandable polystyrene bead foam at 3.30/kg and low density polyethylene foams at 5.80/kg. 

Prices. The price of commodity chemicals is based on cost of production, capital needs for expansion, and the ratio of supply to demand. Profit margins can drop under changing conditions, and unit price tends to be low. Specialty chemical prices vary widely. They are based on the value of a product or system to the customer. Profit margins can usuaHy be maintained, and unit price is higher than for commodity chemicals. 

Raw material costs should be estimated by direct computation from flow rates and material prices. The flow rates are deterrnined from flow sheet material balances. The unit prices are obtained from vendors, company purchasing departments, or the Chemical Marketing Reporter. For captive raw materials produced internally, a suitable transfer price must be estabHshed. Initial catalyst charges can be treated as a start-up expense, working capital component, or depreciable capital, depending on the expected catalyst life and cost. Makeup catalyst is frequendy treated as a raw material. 

In this case, the favorable direct-material-cost variance was achieved because of a lower unit price despite an inefficient material usage, which needs to be investigated. (There is no room for complacency since the lower unit price may well be temporary.)... 

The simplest way of assessing the economics of a new power plant is to calculate the unit price of electricity produced by the plant (e.g. /kWh) and compare it with that of a conventional plant. This is the method adopted by many authors [1,2]. Other methods involving net present values may also be used [3,4]. 

In the unit price of electricity (Kk) derived in Section B.2, the dominant factors are the capital cost per kilowatt (CJW), which generally decreases inversely as the square root of the power (i.e. as the fuel price the overall efficiency tjq, the utilisation H hours per year) and to a lesser extent the operational and maintenance costs (OM). 

Volume variance SC(SV-AV) = 0.10(33,600- 29,400) = 420F SP = Standard unit price AP = Actual unit price... 

Fuel suffered from excessive usage, which was partly offset by a lower unit price. 

Environmental Cost Handling Options and Solutions (ECHOS), RS Means Environmental Remediation Cost Data—Unit Price, 8th Annual Edition, 2002. 

Cost Category Item Unit Consumption Unit Price Unit Cost... 

Cost considerations based on the low total system price for a household appliance did not allow for the customer-specific development of semiconductor components. The high development cost would either have to be split over a sufficiently large production volume or result in an unacceptably high unit price. Both are not given in the European market. 

Rates are most often expressed as unit rates. The keyword for rates is per. Speed is known as miles per hour and is actually a rate that means miles per one hour. In the same way, unit price, dollars per pound means dollars per one pound. Unit rates are easier to work with than other ratios, because the denominator is always 1, and so the denominator has no effect when performing cross-multiplication. 

No. of Sales (units households with per year equipment (%) per capita) Average unit price ) Sales ( per year per capita)... 

The PBPA sometimes recommends the use of price/volume arrangements, particularly where unit prices are reasonably high and there is the potential for significant volumes or where there is uncertainty about future volumes. 

Questions five and six address the actual identification, quantification and valuation of resources and costs. Resources previously identified as being relevant to the analysis have to be collected, measured and reported in appropriate units. For example, if blood tests are determined to be a resource that is important to the analysis, the actual number of each specific test performed must be recorded (e.g. five CBCs). Because of differing treatment regimens across regions or countries, it is extremely important that there is full disclosure of each resource identified, along with the frequency of use. Such resource dictionaries allow the person critically evaluating the analysis to determine whether the treatment patterns in the analysis accurately reflect treatment patterns in their area. In addition, the unit cost/price for each resource should be provided, along with the source of each value. The provision of unit prices/costs allows the reader to determine whether the relative costs shown in the analysis are similar to those foimd in his or her area. 

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