Energy-related applications

High-temperature membrane separation operations which avoid cooling down/heating up cycles can be beneficial. 

A quite different example is the use of oxygen-enriched air in diesel engines to reduce fuel consumption and waste in the exhaust gas. 

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Energy Related Applications. Much research, with regard to the use of cesium in energy related processes, has resulted in Httle commercial apphcation. The heightened awareness of the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel power stations has resulted in increased research both into efficiency improvements for existing plants and into alternative power generation (qv) methods. 

Nair, E K. Nair, M. T. S. Garcia, V. M. Arenas, O. L. Pena, Y. Castillo, A. Ayala, I. T. Gomezdaza, O. Sanchez, A. Campos, I Hu, H. Suarez, R. Rincon, M. E. 1998. Semiconductor thin films by chemical bath deposition for solar energy related applications. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 52 313-344. 

Numerous studies have been published on catalyst material directly related to rich catalytic combustion for GTapplications [73]. However, most data are available on the catalytic partial oxidation of methane and light paraffins, which has been widely investigated as a novel route to H2 production for chemical and, mainly, energy-related applications (e.g. fuel cells). Two main types of catalysts have been studied and are reviewed below supported nickel, cobalt and iron catalysts and supported noble metal catalysts. 

Rich catalytic combustion will offer wide opportunities with respect to most of the above issues, including flexible integration in different machines, low-temperature ignition ability, tolerance to fuel concentration and temperature non-uniformities and fuel flexibility. Further, the production of syngas in short contact time catalytic reactors could be exploited in several energy-related applications such as fuel cell and oxy-fuel combustion. 

Several important energy-related applications, including hydrogen production, fuel cells, and CO2 reduction, have thrust electrocatalysis into the forefront of catalysis research recently. Electrocatalysis involves several physiochemical environmental dfects, which poses substantial challenges for the theoreticians. First, there is the electric potential which can aifect the thermodynamics of the system and the kinetics of the electron transfer reactions. The electrolyte, which is usually aqueous, contains water and ions that can interact directly with a surface and charged/polar adsorbates, and indirectly with the charge in the electrode to form the electrochemical double layer, which sets up an electric field at the interface that further affects interfacial reactivity. 

Dash, R., Chmiola, J., Yushin, G., Gogotsi, Y., Laudisio, G., Singer, J., Fischer, J., and Kucheyev, S. Titanium carbide derived nanoporous carbon for energy-related applications. Carbon 44, 2006 2489-2497. 

Challenges and Perspectives in Catalyst and Process Development for Energy-Related Application of Methanol... 

Swisher, J.H., Hydrogen compatibility of structural materials for energy-related applications, in Effect of Hydrogen on Behavior of Materials, Thompson, A.W. and Bernstein, I.M., Eds., The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1976, pp. 558-577. 

The production of smaller volumes of hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures used as protective gases for chemical products [1435] and for metal-working processes [1436] by decomposition of ammonia over iron- or nickel-based catalysts at 800 - 900 °C may be an economic alternative where production or purchase of pure hydrogen is too expensive [1437], [1443], Energy-related applications of ammonia are proposed in [1429],... 

All the commercial or potentially commercial energy-related applications for electrolytic hydrogen fall into one or more of these three categories. For example, vehicle fueling makes sense because of crossover arbitrage. 

Several groups of application fields can be distinguished (a) industrial (production) processes (b) energy-related applications (c) environmental applications and (d) others... 

As was brought out in this chapter, supercritical fluid extraction has been promoted perhaps somewhat over-zealously in the past, especially in its potential application to energy reduction. Although it can do many types of separations in energy related applications and elsewhere, it probably will not be economicaly viable in all cases. Many factors, not just technical feasibility, combine to influence the potential applicability of any process, and all factors must be evaluated supercritical fluid extraction cannot be excepted from such careful analysis. 

Matyjaszewski K, McCullough L, Yoon JA, Kowalewski T, Park H-J. Nanostructured materials for potential energy-related applications by controlled radical polymerization. In Abstracts of Papers, 240th ACS National Meeting 2010 Boston, MA. 

Particle size effects are also well documented in energy-related applications (i.e., fuel cells), which could use renewable feedstocks such as bioderived alcohols and Hj [202-207]. However, a detailed discussion of this area of research is outside the scope of this contribution. 

Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, N. Chen, L. Qu, Graphene Quantum Dots An Emerging Material for Energy-Related Applications and beyond. Energy ... 

Figure 22.4 The hydrogen economy would require hydrc en to be produced from various sources and would use hydrogen in energy-related applications. 

The application field of nanofibers is still growing. There is currently research on functionalized nanofibrous materials, energy-related applications, such as fuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, catalyst support for rechargeable batteries [59], sensors and optoelectronics [3-60], building and aeronautical acoustics [61] and composites industry [43]. 

Dong Z, Kennedy S J and Wu Y (2011) Electrospiiming materials for energy-related applications and devices, J Power Sources 196 4886-4904. 

Fadisch M. R., Fermentation-derived butanol and scenarios for its use in energy-related applications, Enzyme Micro. TechnoL, 13, 280-283 (1991). 

Dash, R. et aL Titanium carbide derived nanoporous carbon for energy-related applications. Carbon 44, 2489-2497, 2006. 

Wang, H.L. and Gao, Q.M. Synthesis, characterization and energy-related applications of carbide-derived carbons obtained by the chlorination of boron carbide. Carbon Al, 820-828, 2009. 

He, L.L. et aL Small-angle nentron scattering characterization of the stmctnre of nanoporous carbons for energy-related applications. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 149, 46-54, 2012. 

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