Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons contamination

Sirota, G.R. and J.F. Uthe. 1981. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in marine shellfish. Pages 329-341 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Chemical Analysis and Biological Fire Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fifth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Methanol use would also reduce pubHc exposure to toxic hydrocarbons associated with gasoline and diesel fuel, including ben2ene, 1,3-butadiene, diesel particulates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Although pubHc formaldehyde exposures might increase from methanol use in garages and tunnels, methanol use is expected to reduce overall pubHc exposure to toxic air contaminants. 

Wilson SS, KC Jones (1993) Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, a review. Environ Pollut 81 229-249. 

Hallett, D.J., Brecher, R.W. (1984) Cycling of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes ecosystem. In Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes. Advances in Environment Sciences and Technology. Nriagu, J.O., Simmons, M.S., Editors, John Wiley Sons, New York, New York. pp. 213-237. 

Zhang, Y., Wu, R.S.S., Hong, H.-S., Poon, K.-F., Lam, M.H.W. (2000) Field study on desorption rates of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated marine sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2431-2435. 

Prest, H.F. Jacobson, L.A. Wilson, M. 1997, Passive water sampling for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons using Upid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) Application to contaminant residence times. Chemosphere 35 3047-3063. 

To determine the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, approved methods (e.g., EPA SW-846 8021B, SW-846 8260) are not only recommended but are insisted upon for regulatory issues. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be present in condensate, and evaluation of condensate contamination should include the use of other test methods (EPA SW-846 8270, SW-846 8310) provided that the detection limits are adequate to the task of soil and groundwater protection. Generally, at least one analysis may be required for the most contaminated sample location from each source area. Condensate releases in nonsensitive areas require analysis for naphthalene only. The analysts should ensure that the method has detection limits that are appropriate for risk determinations. 

Sources. Benz[ ]anthracene is a major component of the total content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons human exposure occurs primarily through smoking of tobacco, inhalation of products of incomplete organic combustion such as automobile exhaust, and ingestion of food contaminated by combustion effluents such as those that are smoked or barbecued. 

The Extraksol process can extract organic contaminants such as oils and greases, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachlorophenols (PCPs), and phenols from a variety of solid matrices. The Extraksol process can extract polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from clay-bearing soil, sand, and FuUer s earth. Extraksol has successfully treated various media such as activated carbons, refinery sludges, and wood treatment sludges. 

According to the technology developer, the technology treats petroleum-contaminated soils, hazardous wastes, heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), semivolatUe organic compounds (SVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. 

The SBP slurry-phase bioremediation system can treat a wide range of organic contamination, especially wood-preserving wastes and solvents. A modified version can also treat polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as creosote and coal tar pentachlorophenol (PCP) total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and chlorinated aliphatics, such as trichloroethene (TCE). The technology can be combined with SBP s membrane filtration system to form a soil cleaning system to handle residuals and contaminated liquids. 

Solid-phase bioremediation is an ex situ treatment technology for soil and sediment contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenols, including pentachlorophenol (PCP). 

The Biolift reactor has been used to treat soils contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The process uses microorganisms to oxidize organic compounds, yielding innocuous by-products. 

CROW was considered as a treatment option at the Koppers Industries, Inc., site in Oroville, California. The proposed treatment area consisted of four acres that were contaminated with creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). For a 20-year treatment period using CROW, total present worth cost was predicted to be 26.8 million (D22673N, p. 48). 

According to the developer, the TDU removes volatile organic compounds and volatile metals from soil. The technology is designed to treat material contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, and volatile heavy metals (mercury). 

Organic contaminants. The concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the particulate phase of flue gases of oil-shale-combusting thermal power plants has been estimated to range from 0.04 to 3.16 mg/m3 (Aunela et al. 1995). The solvent-extractable fraction (<1.5 wt%) from fly ash particles collected from Narva power plant smog chambers included several PAHs (phenanthrene,... 

Distribution Systems. A substantial amount of contamination of drinking water can occur while the water is in transit to the consumer after treatment. Pipes are made of copper, galvanized iron, asbestos-cement, lead, or plastic, and often polymeric or coal tar coatings are used. All of these are capable of contributing contaminants to the water, especially if the water is corrosive. Lead, copper, cadmium, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in finished water are primarily problems of water distribution and not source water contamination. Physical deterioration of the distribution system can also permit biological contamination to occur during transit. 

Wild, S. R., Jones, K. C., Waterhouse, K. S. McGrath, S. P. (1990a). Organic contaminants in an agricultural soil with a history of sewage sludge amendments Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science Technology, 24, 1706—11. 

Wild, S.R., Obbard, J. P., Munn, C. I., Berrow, M.L. Jones, K.C. (1991b). The long-term persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an agricultural soil amended with metal-contaminated sewage sludges. Science of the Total Environment, 101, 235-53. 

Distribution of contaminant subgroups at 214 sites. PAH = polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons BTEX = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. (From USEPA, Analysis of Facility of Corrective Action Data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, D.C., January, 1994.)... 

As may be apparent from many of the examples presented above, models of processes that affect the fate and transport in groundwater of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are much more prevalent than models of other contaminants. Much research has yet to be accomplished to improve our understanding and ability to model transformation processes, particularly for contaminants like polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-aromatics, and pesticides. 

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other environmental contaminants have been associated with immunotoxic effects, but, in most instances, it remains difficult to assign the effects to pure compounds. For example, immunotoxic effects of PCBs in free-ranging harbor seals have been associated with increasing blubber concentrations of PCBsJ34 yet the waters inhabited by these animals are also contaminated with other POPs, including chlorinated pesticides and chlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Indeed, the PCBs themselves are mixtures of different moieties with varying immunotoxic properties. 

---