Hydrocarbon contaminants

The primary sources of contamination in ion implantation come from metal atoms that may be etched off reactor fixtures, such as reactor wads, wafer holder, cHps, and so on. The pump oils used by the vacuum pumps may be a source of hydrocarbon contamination. The dopant sources themselves are not a significant source of contamination because unwanted ions are separated out from the beam during beam analysis. 

Machines. A machine is a device which is capable of manufactuting a product or completing a task such as removing hydrocarbon contaminants from siUca and dirt. Examples of machines iaclude an extmsion apparatus, a book biader, and a tractor. The U.S. Patent No. 5,020,462 tided "Thermal Remediation Apparatus and Method" (3) discloses both a machine and a process. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Petrochemical Recycling of steam condensate for boiler feed water Removal of oil and hydrocarbon contamination... 

The Cj plus bottoms from the demethanizer then go to the deethanizer. A propylene-propane bottoms product containing 90-92% propylene is obtained which may either be sold, used directly as propylene- 90, or further purified. The ethylene-ethane overhead from the deethanizer is separated in the splitter tower yielding a 99.8% overhead ethylene product at -25°F. The ethane bottoms at -l-18°F may either be sent to fuel gas or used as feed to an ethane cracking furnace. Overall ethylene recovery in these facilities is about 98%. The product is of very high purity with less than 50 parts per million of non-hydrocarbon contaminants and a methane plus ethane level below 250 ppm. 

Disposal of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Aqueous Plant Effluents... 

Tube failure in a water-cooled or steam-heated exchanger used in hydrocarbon service can result in the contamination of the effluent cooling water or the condensate by the process stream, especially if the latter is at a higher pressure. Such effluents must be disposed of in such a maimer that the hydrocarbon contaminations can be safely contained. The following are some safe design practices ... 

Oil, fat, grease, and hydrocarbon contamination results in Film boiling Coke deposition Contaminant binding Sludging and gunk balls... 

Dawson BV, Johnson PD, Goldberg SJ, et al. 1993. Cardiac teratogenesis of halogenated hydrocarbon-contaminated drinking water. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1466-1472. 

Yu Z, GR Stewart, W Mohn (2000) Apparent contradiction psychrotolerant bacteria from hydrocarbon-contaminated arctic tundra soils that degrade diterpenoids synthesized by trees. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 5148-5154. 

Ruberto L, SC Vazquez, WP MacCormack (2003) Effectiveness of the natural flora, biostimulation and bioaugmentation on the bioremediation of a hydrocarbon contaminated Antarctic soil. Int Biodet Biodeg 52 115-125. 

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of hydrocarbon contaminants (Schleussinger et al. 1996)... 

Hunkeler D, R Aravena, K Berry-Spark, E Cox (2005) Assessment of degradation pathways in an aquifer with mixed chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination using stable isotope analysis. Environ Sci Technol 39 5975-5981. 

Bossert ID, GC Compeau (1995) Cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil. In Microbial transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (Eds LY Young and CE Cerniglia), pp. 77-125. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Braddock JE, ML Ruth, PH Catterall, JL Walworth, KA McCarthy (1997) Enhancement and inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon-contaminated arctic soils implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 31 2078-2084. 

Stehmeier LG, TR Jack, G Voordouw (1996) In vitro degradation of dicyclopentadiene by microbial consortia isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Can J Microbiol 42 1051-1060. 

The earlier references, which state that this powerful oxidant is stable when pure, but explosive when formed as a layer on metallic potassium [1,2], are not wholly correct [3], because the superoxide is manufactured uneventfully by spraying the molten metal into air to effect oxidation [4], Previous incidents appear to have involved the explosive oxidation of unsuspected traces of mineral oil or solvents [3]. However, mixtures of the superoxide with liquid or solid potassium-sodimn alloys will ignite spontaneously after an induction period of 18 min, but combustion while violent is not explosive [3], The additional presence of water (which reduces the induction period) or hydrocarbon contaminant did produce explosion hazards under various circumstances [5], Contact of liquid potassium with the superoxide gives no obvious reaction below 117°C and a controlled reaction between 117 and 177°C, but an explosive reaction occurs above 177°C. Heating at 100°C/min from IT caused explosion at 208°C [6],... 

Mikkonen A (2012) The potential of microbial ecological indicators to guide ecosophisticated management of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki... 

Maher [49] used fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine and ocean waters. 

Norstrom, R.J., S.E. Belikov, E.W. Born, G.W. Garner, B. Malone, S. Olpinski, M.A. Ramsay, S. Schliebe, I. Stirling, M.S. Stishov, M.K. Taylor, and O. Wiig. 1998. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in polar bears from eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard biomonitoring of Arctic pollution. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 354-367. 

Sirota, G.R. and J.F. Uthe. 1981. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in marine shellfish. Pages 329-341 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Chemical Analysis and Biological Fire Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fifth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Van Veld, P.A., D.J. Westbrook, B.R. Woodin, R.C. Hale, C.L. Smith, R.J. Huggett, and JJ. Stegeman. 1990. Induced cytochrome P-450 in intestine and liver of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environment. Aquat. Toxicol. 17 119-132. 

The ability to process a wide range of feedstocks including coal, heavy oils, petroleum coke, heavy refinery residuals, refinery wastes, hydrocarbon contaminated soils, biomass, and agricultural wastes. 

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