Formaldehyde exposure

Methanol use would also reduce pubHc exposure to toxic hydrocarbons associated with gasoline and diesel fuel, including ben2ene, 1,3-butadiene, diesel particulates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Although pubHc formaldehyde exposures might increase from methanol use in garages and tunnels, methanol use is expected to reduce overall pubHc exposure to toxic air contaminants. 

R. Niemela, E. Priha, and P. Heikkila, Trends of formaldehyde exposure m industries. Occup. Hyg. Risk Manag. Occup. Haz. 4, 31-46, 1997. 

Hayes RB et al Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and formaldehyde exposure. IntJ Cancer 37 487M-92, 1986... 

Blair A et al Cancers of the nasopharynx and oropharynx and formaldehyde exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 78 191-192, 1987... 

Franklin, P., Dingle, P. and Dick, S. (2000) Formaldehyde exposure in homes is associated with increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, August 6-10, Espoo, Finland, Vol. 1, pp. 65-70. 

Formaldehyde exposure raises a marginal concern for cancer risk to professional painters (risk estimates of 10 4 to 10 6). 

Garrett MH, Hooper MA, Hooper BM, Rayment PR, Abramson MJ (1999) Increased risk of allergy in children due to formaldehyde exposure in homes. Allergy, 54(4) 330-337. 

Krzyzanowski M, Quackenboss J J, Lebowitz MD (1990) Chronic respiratory effects of indoor formaldehyde exposure. Environ Res, 52(2) 117-125. 

Riedel F, Hasenauer E, Barth PJ, Koziorowski A, Rieger CH (1996) Formaldehyde exposure enhances inhalative allergic sensitization in the guinea pig. Allergy, 51(2) 94— 99. 

Figure 41, Influence of formaldehyde vapor exposure (crosslinking) on formic acid swelling of newborn rat corneum (sample thickness 12 fi). In decending order the curves represent formaldehyde exposure times of A, control B, 0.5 hrs C, 1 hr and D, 2 hrs. Data from Ref. 18.

There was no association between formaldehyde exposure and lung cancer in a case-referral study among Danish physicians working in departments of pathology, forensic medicine, and anatomy (21). 

Partanen T, Kauppinen T, Nurminen M, Nickels J, Hernberg S, Hakulinen T, Pukkala E, Savonen E. Formaldehyde exposure and respiratory and related cancers. A case-referent study among Finnish woodworkers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985 11(6) 409-15. 

Olsen JH, Jensen SP, Hink M, Faurbo K, Breum NO, Jensen OM. Occupational formaldehyde exposure and increased nasal cancer risk in man. Int J Cancer 1984 34(5) 639-44. 

Collins JJ, Ness R, Tyl RW, et al. (2001) A review of adverse pregnancy outcomes and formaldehyde exposure in human and animal studies. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 34 17-34. 

Formaldehyde exposure is not known to cause neurobehavioral symptoms or disturbed mental of neurologic function. Kilburn et al., however, found that exposure by hospital histology technicians to formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene produced such effectsJ2°l No attempt was made to explain these results. 

Kilburn KH, Warshaw R, Boylen CT, et al. Pulmonary and neurobehavioral effects of formaldehyde exposure. Arch Environ Health 1985 40(5) 254-60. 

Holmstrom et al. (1989b) evaluated the long-term inhalation effects of formaldehyde exposure to immune function in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 12.6 ppm formaldehyde for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 months. After 22 months of formaldehyde exposure, the rats were inoculated subcutaneously with Pneumovax (Merck Sharpe and Dohme) and antitetanus vaccine (National Bacteriological Laboratory). Animals were sacrificed at 21-25 days after vaccination. Blood samples were collected from each animal before vaccination and just prior to sacrifice. Tlie blood was analyzed for response to Pneumovax and tetanus vaccination using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique. The results indicated... 

Wood and Coleman (1995) assessed the behavioral response to formaldehyde exposure in male Swiss mice. Eight mice were trained to terminate exposure to noxious gases, using 1,000 ppm ammonia. All animals learned to terminate 100% of the ammonia exposures. After mice consistently terminated... 

In studies of intermediate-duration exposure, Maronpot et al. (1986) studied the effects of formaldehyde exposure in male and female B6C3F1 mice. Animals were exposed to fonnaldehyde 6 hours/day,... 

Kems et al. (1983b) studied the effects of long-term formaldehyde exposure on 120 male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to 0, 2, 5.6, or 14.3 ppm fonnaldehyde for 6 hours/day,... 

Garry et al. (1980) investigated the health effects associated with formaldehyde exposure in Minnesota residents. A total of 275 cases of possible formaldehyde exposure were investigated between February and June 1979. Medical histories of the patient and all family members were recorded, and 30-minute air samples were collected from the living room and bedroom of each residence. Environmental information (age, type of home, type of insulation, type of heat) was also collected. Formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.1 to 3 ppm. The rate of miscarriages in exposed women in this study (11.6%) did not differ from the rate of miscarriages seen in other studies of non-exposed women. There is no information on the duration of exposure therefore, chronic-duration exposure is assumed. 

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