Biological contamination

Biological contaminants — 564-5360 CFU/m 3 office bldgs Bayer Black (1988a)... 

Measurement of specific chemical or biological contaminants can be very expensive. Before expending time and money to obtain measurements of indoor air pollutants, you must decide how the results will be used (e.g., comparison to standards or guidelines, comparison to levels in complaint-free areas) what substances(s) should be measured where to take, samples when to take samples what sampling and analysis method to use so that the results provide useful information. 

Aside from private consultants, local, state, or federal government agencies may be able to provide expert assistance or direction in solving lAQ problems. It is particularly important to contact a local or state health department if one suspects that there is a serious building-related illness potentially linked to biological contamination in a building. 

Flood with a phenolic disinfectant any biologically contaminated area for 30 to 60 min and then clean up with water and allow to dry. After cleaning up wash hands with a suitable skin disinfectant (such as 0.5% Chlorhexidine in 70% methylated spirit)... 

B. M. Hegarty and R. Levy. Procedure for combatting biological contamination in petroleum production (procede pour combattre I encrassement biologique dans la production de petrole). Patent FR 2725754, 1996. 

The biological contamination and the hardness of underground water are the two very serious problems of water. Dissolved salts deteriorate water quality and may cause diseases related to joints and bones, while infected water may cause many water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. Ultrasound may disinfect the potable water by blasting off micro organisms such as zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, pathogenic bacteria and produce germ-free water in few minutes of... 

Il in, I. E. (1985). Hygienic bases of redistribution of chemical and biological contaminants in the water environment Hygiene and Sanitation, 3, 7-11. 

Treatment of life-threatening injuries should almost always take precedence over measures to address radioactive, chemical, or biological contamination or exposure. Injured individuals should be stabilized if possible and immediately transported to a medical facility. It is recommended that an individual with training in the areas of radioactive, chemical, and biological hazards accompany the first patients to the hospital and serve as an advisor to the medical team. 

What potential medical problems may be present besides radioactive, chemical, or biological contamination ... 

Biological contaminants (Viruses, bacteria, fungi, molds, insects) outdoors humans animals. allergic reactions, infectious diseases irritations toxic effects... 

In order to achieve complete destruction of biological contaminants in water through sonication very high ultrasonic intensities are necessary. Unfortunately this makes the technique expensive to use for general microbiological decontamination. However over the last two decades some conventional disinfection techniques involving chemicals, ultraviolet light and heat treatment have become less effective as some bacteria become more resistant. Such processes have become a focus for the use of sonication as an adjunct to other techniques. 

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a range of water treatments which involve the in situ formation of radicals, particularly hydroxyl radicals, in sufficient quantity to affect chemical or biological contaminants. These include ultrasonic and ultraviolet irradiation but they are sometimes ineffective for the remediation of water which contains a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Chemical oxidants can be used to add additional oxidising power to such processes and ozone in conjunction with ultrasound is one such option [31]. 

Power ultrasound can be used for the rehabilitation of industrial sites or the reclamation of polluted land by the removal of chemical and biological contamination from soil. There are two basic mechanisms through which this can occur either via the removal of contaminated material from the surface of soil particles or the leaching out of more deeply entrenched materials. 

Dz. U. (2003). Newsletter of Current Legislation 37, 326. [The Instruction of the Polish Minister of Health on 13 th January 2003 regarding maximum levels of chemical and biological contamination that may be present in food, food components, allowed additional substances, auxiliary substances applied in processing or on food surfaces.]... 

There are many thousands of chemical substances in food most of them being of natural origin. A number, however, are man-made and arise from the use of agrochemicals, or due to pollution of water, soil and air, or occur during food preparation/processing. In addition, food may contain biological contaminants. A range of additives may also be added for a variety of purposes (e.g., to enhance the flavor, color, improve stability). 

---