Poly imide sulfones

The desirable properties of Pis and poly(sulfone)s can be combined into a single resin, such as in a poly(etherimide sulfone). These resins have low levels of residual volatile species and low levels of reactive groups. Thus articles may be prepared from these resins, which are essentially free of voids, bubbles, splay, silver streaks or other imperfections. Monomers that introduce the sulfone group into the polymer are shown in Table 15.4. 

Poly(etherimide sulfone)s with a residual volatile species concentration of less than about 500 ppm can be prepared. The resins have a good heat resistance and a good melt processability. 

4 -Bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)diphenyl sulfone dianhydride 4,4 -Bis(2,3-dicarboxyphenoxy)diphenyl sulfone dianhydride 

PI is widely used as a protective material or an insulation material in the electronic field due to its good properties, e.g., high mechanical strength, high thermal resistance, and solvent resistance. Selected physical properties of a thermoplastic PEI are shown in Table 15.5. Ultem is obtained from bisphenol A dianhydride and MPD. It has a glass transition temperature of 217°C. It should be emphasized that there are a lot of different PI resins with deviating properties. Thus the data given in Table 15.5 are not plainly representative for Pis. 

Miscible blends are often of importance to facilitate the fabrication into final articles. Table 15.6 shows common nuscible blends of Pis with other polymers. The solubility of Pis can be increased by the introduction of flexible moieties in the backbone. 

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Mecham, J.B. (2001) Direct polymerization of snlfonated poly (arylene ether) random copolymers and poly(imide) sulfonated poly(arylene ether) segmented copolymers new candidates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell material systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 

Hollow fiber membranes made from poly(imide)/sulfonated PES, with a phthalide group, exhibit a high selectivity in the vapor permeation of mixtures of methanol and methyl-terf-butyl ether (MTBE) as high as 12,000. The structures of the polymers used are shown in Figure 7.11. 

Of all the hydrocarbon-based PEMs, this group most likely has the largest variety of different systems. This is probably due to the wealth of prior knowledge of the nonsulfonated analogues that have been developed over the last several decades as well as the general expectation of higher thermal stability, better mechanical properties, and increased oxidative stability over polystyrene-based systems. Within the context of this section, polyarylenes are systems in which an aryl or heteroaryl ring is part of the main chain of the polymer. This section will, therefore, include polymers such as sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) and sulfonated poly(imides) but will not include systems such as sulfonated polystyrene, which will be covered in Section 3.3.I.3. 

Shobha et al. employed a novel sulfonated diamine containing a phosphine oxide moiety in the synthesis of a five—membered ring sulfonated poly-imide. The synthesis is shown in Figure 24. 

Postsulfonation of polymers to form PEMs can lead to undesirable side reactions and may be hard to control on a repeatable basis. Synthesis of sulfonated macromolecules for use in PEMs by the direct reaction of sulfonated comonomers has gained attention as a rigorous method of controlling the chemical structure, acid content, and even molecular weight of these materials. While more challenging synthetically than postsulfonation, the control of the chemical nature of the polymer afforded by direct copolymerization of sulfonated monomers and the repeatability of the reactions allows researchers to gain a more systematic understanding of these materials properties. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s, sulfonated poly-(imide)s, and sulfonated poly(styrene) derivatives have been the most prevalent of the directly copolymerized materials. 

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s have shown promise for durability in fuel cell systems, while poly-(styrene)- and poly(imide)-based systems serve as model systems for studying structure-relationship properties in PEMs because their questionable oxidative or hydrolytic stability limits their potential application in real fuel cell systems. Sulfonated high performance polymer backbones, such as poly(phe-nylquinoxaline), poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s, polybenzimidazole, and other aromatic or heteroaromatic systems, have many of the advantages of poly-(imides) and poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and may offer another route to advanced PEMs. These high performance backbones would increase the hydrated Tg of PEMs while not being as hydrolytically sensitive as poly(imides). The synthetic schemes for these more exotic macromolecules are not as well-known, but the interest in novel PEMs will surely spur developments in this area. 

Amorphous polymers are characterized by the following properties They are transparent and very often soluble in common organic solvents at room temperature. The following amorphous polymers have gained industrial importance as thermoplastic materials polyfvinyl chloride), polystyrene, polyfmethyl methacrylate), ABS-polymers, polycarbonate, cycloolefine copolymers, polysulfone, poly( ether sulfone), polyfether imide). 

MC MDI MEKP MF MMA MPEG MPF NBR NDI NR OPET OPP OSA PA PAEK PAI PAN PB PBAN PBI PBN PBS PBT PC PCD PCT PCTFE PE PEC PEG PEI PEK PEN PES PET PF PFA PI PIBI PMDI PMMA PMP PO PP PPA PPC PPO PPS PPSU Methyl cellulose Methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Melamine formaldehyde Methyl methacrylate Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde Nitrile butyl rubber Naphthalene diisocyanate Natural rubber Oriented polyethylene terephthalate Oriented polypropylene Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile Polyamide Poly(aryl ether-ketone) Poly(amide-imide) Polyacrylonitrile Polybutylene Poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) Polybenzimidazole Polybutylene naphthalate Poly(butadiene-styrene) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Polycarbonate Polycarbodiimide Poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ether-imide) Poly(ether-ketone) Polyethylene naphthalate Polyether sulfone Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Perfluoroalkoxy resin Polyimide Poly(isobutylene), Butyl rubber Polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methylpentene) Polyolefins Polypropylene Polyphthalamide Chlorinated polypropylene Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Poly(phenylene sulfone)... 

Different TPs have been used to modify thermosets, such as poly(ether sulfone) (PES), polysulfone (PSF), poly(ether ketone) (PEK), polyether imide (PEI), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), linear polyimides, polyhydan-toin, etc. (Stenzenberger et al., 1988 Pascal et al., 1990, 1995 Pascault and Williams, 2000). 

PB PBI PBMA PBO PBT(H) PBTP PC PCHMA PCTFE PDAP PDMS PE PEHD PELD PEMD PEC PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEN PEO PES PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA PMI PMP POB POM PP PPE PPP PPPE PPQ PPS PPSU PS PSU PTFE PTMT PU PUR Poly(n.butylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Poly(n.butyl methacrylate) Poly(benzoxazole) Poly(benzthiazole) Poly(butylene glycol terephthalate) Polycarbonate Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene) Poly(diallyl phthalate) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Polyethylene High density polyethylene Low density polyethylene Medium density polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly-ether-ether ketone poly(ethylene glycol) Poly-ether-imide Poly-ether ketone Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly-ether sulfone Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methacryl imide) Poly(methylpentene) Poly(hydroxy-benzoate) Polyoxymethylene = polyacetal = polyformaldehyde Polypropylene Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) = Poly(phenylene oxide) Polyp araphenylene Poly(2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) Poly(phenyl quinoxaline) Polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfide Polyphenylene sulfone Polystyrene Polysulfone Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Polyurethane Polyurethane rubber... 

Yang et al. [53] prepared a novel series of metal-containing poly(imide)s. Polymers of pyromellitic dianhydride with the zinc, strontium, lead, calcium and nickel salts of p-aniline sulfonic acid, were prepared and examined by C CPMAS NMR. There was little difference in the chemical shifts of the dianhydride carbons, compared with the chemical shifts of the poly(imide) with diaminodiphenyl methane. 

Figure 7.11 Poly(imide) and Sulfonated Poly(ethersulfone) ...

Sulfonated monomers were also used for the synthesis of sulfonated poly-imides [123,124]. hi particular, sodium salt of the sulfonated bis-4-[(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl]phenylphosphine oxide was used for the preparation of sulfonated polyimides [123]. 

Figure 7.14 Poly(imide) and sulfonated poly (ether sulfone) [90].

Also, miscible blends containing PAES can be used for proton exchange membranes. This has been demonstrated with blends of crosslinked sulfonated PAES and a sulfonated poly(imide). 1,3,5-trihydroxy benzene is used as the crosslinking agent. The miscible structure of the blend membranes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy [133]. 

Kolahdoozan M, Mokhtari N. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(amide-imide-sulfone)/Ti02 nanocomposites via sol-gel route. Adv Sci Eng Med 2012 4(4) 334-40. 

Rajesh S, Fauzi Ismail A, Mohan DR. Structure-property interplay of poly(amide-imide) and T1O2 nanoparticles impregnated poly(ether-sulfone) asymmetric nanofiltration membranes. RSC Adv 2012 2(17) 6854-70. 

Crosslinked sulfonated poly(imide-siloxane) can be obtained by the radical grafting onto the silylmethyl group of poly(dimethylsiloxane) [59]. Large, well-connected hydrophilic domains have been detected by transmission electron microscopy that are responsible for the high proton conductivity of the membrane. The unique phase separated morphology of the membrane is responsible for the outstanding hydrolytic stability. 

Somboonsub B, Invernale MA, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P, Scola DA, Sotzing GA. Preparation of the thermally stable conducting polymer PEDOT —sulfonated poly(imide). Polymer 2010 51(6) 1231-6. 

Srisuwan S, Ding Y, Mamangun D, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P, Sotzing GA, et al. Secondary dopants modified PEDOT-sulfonated poly (imide)s for high-temperature range application. J Appl Polym Sci 2013 128(6) 3840-5. 

Sukchol K, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P, Sotzing GA. Experimental observation on the mixing systems and ways to significantly enhance the conductivity of pedot-sulfonated poly(imide) aqueous dispersion. Microelectron Eng 2013 111 7-13. 

Yan J, Huang X, Moore HD, Wang CY, Hickner MA. Transport properties and fuel cell performance of sulfonated poly(imide) proton exchange membranes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012 37(7) 6153-60. 

Lin CC, Chang CB, Wang YZ. Preparation and properties of cross-linked sulfonated poly(imide-siloxane) for polymer electrolyte fuel cell application. J Power Sources 2013 223 277-83. 

Lee CH, Chen SH, Wang YZ, Lin CC, Huang CK, Chuang CN, et al. Preparation and characterization of proton exchange membranes based on semi-interpenetrating sulfonated poly (imide-siloxane)/epoxy polymer networks. Energy 2013 55 905-15. 

Catbon-fiber-based Epoxy, polyfether keytones), poly(imide), poly(sulfone), i iopacifiers (BaS04, BaCl2, Ti02) blended into poly(olefins), poly(urethanes), silicones... 

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