Sulfonated crosslinked poly

Ghosh S, Rasmusson J, Inganaes O. Supramolecularself-assembly for enhanced conductivity in conjugated polymer blends. Ionic crosslinking in blends of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styiene sulfonate) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Adv Mater 1998 10 1097-1099. 

The formation of dialkyl sulfones in the oxidation of sulfides proceeds most likely through the corresponding sulfoxides [34, 40], which may be isolated. Sulfoxides are major products in the indirect oxidation of sulfides performed by a reagent electrochemically generated from crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridine)hydrobromide [75]. 

Kim DS, Guiver MD, Nam SY, Yun TI, Seo MY, Kim SJ, Hwang HS, Rhim JW (2006) Preparation of ion exchange membranes for fuel cellbased on crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) with poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid). J Membr Sci 281 156-162... 

Gasa, J.V., Boob, S., Weiss, R.A. and Shaw, M.T. 2006. Proton-exchange membranes composed of slightly sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) and highly sulfonated crosslinked polystyrene particles. 269(1-2) 177-186. 

Guo, Q., Pintauro, P.N., Tang, H. and O Connor, S. 1999. Sulfonated and crosslinked poly-phosphazene-based proton-exchange membranes. 154(2) 175-181. 

Crosslinked Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl Propane Sulfonic Acid)... 

Zohuri et al. (2013) synthesized novel 2,9-dihydro-2-oxo-4-aryl-l//-pyrido[2,3-fc] indole-3-carbonitrile derivatives by condensation of substituted (triethoxymethyl) arene, l-methyl-lH-indol-2-ol, and cyanoacetamide using catalytic amounts of crosslinked poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid) (AMPS) as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst (Scheme 2.10). This polymeric solid acid catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without significant change in its... 

In theory, it is possible to synthesize ultrahigh molecular weight polymers to reduce the amount of crosslinking agents and the extractable level. There is a report on the excellent absorption of water of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-l-propane sulfonic acid) (poly-AMPS) that supports this statement [14]. However, there has been no other report on this subject. 

Homberg, S., Nasman, J.H., Sundholm, F. (1998) Synthesis and properties of sulfonated and crosslinked poly[(vinyUdene fluoride)-gra -styrene] membranes. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 9, 121-127. 

FIGURE 6.17 (a), (b), and (c) PEMFC performances for GC(3/10) at90°C and (d) durability test for with GC(5/10) at 90°C, 0.15 MPa, 50% RH, and 0.5 A cm". (Reprinted from/. Power Sources, 247, Kara, R., Endo, N., Riga, M., Okamoto, K., Zhang, X., Bi, H., Chen, S., Hu, Z., and Chen, S., Polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance of poly(arylene ether ketone)-gra -crosslinked-poly(sulfonated arylene ether sulfone), 932-938, Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Kara R., Endo N., Higa M., Okamoto K., Zhang X., Bi H., Chen S., Hu Z., Chen S., Polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance of poly(arylene ether ketone)-gra/f-crosslinked-poly(sulfonated arylene ether sulfone). Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247, 932-938. 

Ni, J. Zhao, C. Zhang, G. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Ma, W Liu, Z. Na, H Novel self-crosslinked poly(aryl ether sulfone) for high alkaline stable and fuel resistant alkaline anion exchange membranes. Chemical Communications 2011,47(31), 8943-8945. 

Since poly(oxy-2,6-dimethy1-1,4-phenylene) has exhibited a high tendency to undergo cleavage, rearrangements and to crosslink in the presence of electrophilic reagents,21 our attention has been focused on modification of poly(arylene ether sulfone), 1, and phenoxy resin,4 The active sites in these polymers are the 3-positions of the bisphenol-A repeating units. We will report the extent of... 

A substantial intramolecular protective effect by phenyl groups in polymers is shown by the low G values for Hz and crosslinking in polystyrene (substituent phenyl) and in polyarylene sulfones (backbone phenyl), as well as many other aromatic polymers. The relative radiation resistance of different aromatic groups in polymers has not been extensively studied, but appears to be similar, except that biphenyl provides increased protection. Studies on various poly(amino acid)s indicate that the phenol group is particularly radiation resistant. 

In a related application, polyelectrolyte microgels based on crosslinked cationic poly(allyl amine) and anionic polyfmethacrylic acid-co-epoxypropyl methacrylate) were studied by potentiometry, conductometry and turbidimetry [349]. In their neutralized (salt) form, the microgels fully complexed with linear polyelectrolytes (poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and polystyrene sulfonate)) as if the gels were themselves linear. However, if an acid/base reaction occurs between the linear polymers and the gels, it appears that only the surfaces of the gels form complexes. Previous work has addressed the fundamental characteristics of these complexes [350, 351] and has shown preferential complexation of cationic polyelectrolytes with crosslinked car-boxymethyl cellulose versus linear CMC [350], The departure from the 1 1 stoichiometry with the non-neutralized microgels may be due to the collapsed nature of these networks which prevents penetration of water soluble polyelectrolyte. 

The ionic aggregates present in an ionomer act as physical crosslinks and drastically change the polymer properties. The blending of two ionomers enhances the compatibility via ion-ion interaction. The compatibilisation of polymer blends by specific ion-dipole and ion-ion interactions has recently received wide attention [93-96]. FT-IR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for investigating such specific interactions [97-99] in an ionic blend made from the acid form of sulfonated polystyrene and poly[(ethyl acrylate - CO (4, vinyl pyridine)]. Datta and co-workers [98] characterised blends of zinc oxide-neutralised maleated EPDM (m-EPDM) and zinc salt of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (Zn-EMA), wherein Zn-EMA content does not exceed 50% by weight. The blend behaves as an ionic thermoplastic elastomer (ITPE). Blends (Z0, Z5 and Z10) were prepared according to the following formulations [98] ... 

As an additional component, various thermoplastic polymers can be used. As a binder for copper clad laminates, a solution of solid epoxide resin (Epikote 1001), BPA/DC prepolymer, Zn acetate and poly(phenylene sulfide) was used [83], Other binders for reinforced plastics contain polysulfone. Such compositions consist of liquid BPA/ECH epoxide resin, BPA/DC prepolymer, polysulfone and bis(4-hydro-xyphenyl)sulfone [85]. Bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone can be also added [86]. In such systems the bisphenol reacts with the epoxide resin as a chain extension agent, whereas the diamine crosslinks the diepoxide. The Tg values are close to 200 °C. They can be increased a little, if the BPA/ECH epoxide resin is replaced by the tetra-epoxide A,A,A, A -tetrakis(2,3-epoxypropyl)diaminodiphenylmethane [87]. 

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