Pollution assessments

E. Wehet, Air Pollution, Assessment Methodology and Modeling Plenum Press, New York, 1982. 

Environmental chemical releases due to human activities may be accidental (usually acute) or as an attendant consequence of some planned activity (usually chronic). Traditionally, spills have been separated from steady discharges because of statutory distinctions, but any integrated pollutant assessment must... 

Dynamics of Chemicals in the Environment. In identifying pathways and, hence, models, the user must also consider what becomes of the pollutant as it enters the environment. The dominance of various factors over others will determine both pathway selection and model selection in an integrated pollutant assessment. 

McDonald JP, Gelston GM (1998) Description of the multimedia environmental pollutant assessment system (MEPAS, version 3.2), with application to a hypothetical soil contamination scenario. J Soil Contam 7(3) 283-300... 

Abad E, Martinez K, Planas C, Palacios O, Caixach J, Rivera J (2005) Priority organic pollutant assessment of sludges for agricultural purposes. Chemosphere 61 1358-1369... 

Stevenson, J.C., T.W. Jones, W.M. Kemp, W.R. Boynton, and J.C. Means. 1982. An overview of atrazine dynamics in estuarine ecosystems. Pages 71-94 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Agrichemicals and Estuarine Productivity, Beaufort, North Carolina, September 18-19, 1980. Avail, from Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin., Off. Mar. Pollut. Assess., Boulder, CO. 

Boehm, P.D. 1981. Investigations of Pollutant Organic Chemical Fluxes in the Hudson-Raritan Estuarine and New York Bight Coastal Systems. Tech. Rep., Energy Resources Co. (ERCO), Cambridge, MA. Submit, to Off. of Mar. Pollut. Assess., U.S. NOAA, Rockville, MD. 59 pp. 

The use of the human subject as a sensor in olfactometry leads to a number of physical, methodological and panel composition requirements. Olactometers used in odour pollution assessment should be able to deliver ranges of concentrations varying in dilution from 1 to 10° at volumes between 1.8 and 3.6 m3/h without changing the pressure at the nose entrance more than 5 mbar. 

Johns R. 1976. Air pollution assessment of ethylene dibromide. Gov Rep Announce Index 76 131. 

Fuller, B.B. Air Pollution Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene (McLean, VA The Mitre Corp., 1976), 87 p. 

OECD. The Use of Biological Tests for Water Pollution Assessment and Control Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Paris, France, Environment Monographs, No. 11, 1987. 

NOAA. 1982. Effects from residual and no. 2 fuel oils on intertidal infauna recovery rate. Seattle, WA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment. Document no. PB83-152298. 

EPA. 1985a. Estimation of nickel species in ambient air. Report to Pollution Assessment Branch, U.S. Environmental Assessment Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC by Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC. (EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818). 

SFE has also replaced many regulated solvents in analytical chemistry applications in recent years, primarily because it provides a more reliable measure of the concentrations of environmental contaminants and can play an important role in pollution assessment, abatement, and control. Advantages have been shown for using SFE compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction with toluene for determining the presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in ashes from a municipal incinerator (Dolezal et al., 1995). SFE allows the complete extraction of the analytes from the sample, whereas conventional extraction results in an incomplete, and hence, inferior extraction. 

Wu, C. Suffet, I. H. In Water Pollution Assessment Automatic Sampling and Measurement American Society for Testing and Materials Philadelphia, 1975 ASTM STP 582, pp 90-108. 

OECD (1987) The use of biological tests for water pollution assessment and control, Environment Monograph No. 11, 70 pp. 

Table 9.4 presents a list of studies on the pollution levels of effluents, landfill leachates, sludge, and sediments, undertaken using an integrated approach to pollution assessment, that is, the simultaneous use of chemical analysis and bioassays. 

Staples CA, Werner AF. 1985. Priority pollutant assessment in the USA Scientific and regulatory implications. Toxic Subst J 6 186-200. 

Sztruhar, D., et al. (1997). Case study of combined sewer overflow pollution Assessment of sources and receiving water effects. Water Quality Res. J. Canada. 32, 3, 563-578. 

Table 3.2.1 Different examples of organic pollution assessment by combined approaches...

M. E. Conti and G. Cecchetti, Biological Monitoring Lichens as Bioindicators of Air Pollution Assessment A review, Environ. Pollut. 114(3), 471-92 (2001). 

This edition further develops, refines, and updates the earlier material by drawing on progress in these fields, and responds to comments from users of the first edition. Sections relating to air and water pollution assessment and theory have been expanded, chapters on petrochemical production and basic polymer theory and practice have been added, and the original material has been supplemented by new data. In addition review questions have now been added to each chapter. These will be primarily of interest to students but could be of conceptual value to all users. 

We thank C. P. Weisel (NRC postdoctoral fellow, NOAA) and R. Zika (University of Miami) for permission to cite their unpublished gel permeation chromatography work, and B. Wrenn for technical assistance. The C analyses were kindly provided by J. and P. Gearing of the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. This work was supported by the Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

RMCC. (1990). The 1990 Canadian long-range transport of air pollutant assessment and acid deposition report Part 4—aquatic effects. Federal/provincial Research and Monitoring Coordinating Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

A team of scientists Ifom the Chemical Faculty, Technical University of Gdansk, Poland and the Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Canada presented monitoring results and an environmental pollution assessment for the Gdask-Sopot-Gdynia Tricity (Poland), based on an analysis of precipitation. Precipitation samples were collected over a period of 12 months (January-December 1998) at ten locations in the Tricity. An attempt was made to explain the co-occurrences of certain ions and the significance of their mutual effects. 

Multi Media Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) System to assess environmental concerns i.e., potential human impacts from DOE site, (in use) FORTRAN C Micro J. Droppo/Battelle PNL ... 

Remedial Action Priority and Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment Systems... 

The Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS) and Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) are different names for an objective exposure pathway evaluation system developed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory to rank chemical and radioactive releases according to their potential human health impacts. Constituent migration and impact are simulated using air, groundwater, overland, surface water, and exposure components based on standard assessment principles and techniques. A shell allows interactive description of the environmental problem to be evaluated, defines required data in the form of problem-specific worksheets, and allows data input. The assessment methodology uses an extensive constituent database as a consistent source of chemical, physical, and health-related parameters. 

Pacific Northwest Laboratory has developed health impact assessment systems, the Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS) and the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS), for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate the relative importance of environmental problems. RAPS, which was developed first, applies to releases from inactive waste sites. MEPAS, the most recent version of the system, allows consideration of releases from both active and inactive sites. MEPAS differs from RAPS mainly in terms of the types of emission options. Although MEPAS retains the documented framework of RAPS (1), several enhancements have been added to the transport and exposure components (2). 

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