American measurements

Wearing camouflage colours akin to the American Measure 32, the Glen Gyle enters the Grand Harbour, Valletta, Malta. 

Scientific, technological, and industrial achievement was one ruler by which Americans measured themselves against other nations, and Americans of the World War I generation believed they fell short. Despite the industrialized slaughter of the war, Americans ended the war believing they needed more, not less, industrial prowess—for national security, economic security, and national pride. Bom in the crisis of... 

Oil gravity is most commonly expressed in degrees API, a measure defined by the American Petroleum Institute as... 

Doyle, J. L., Wood, G. R., and Bondurant, P. D. Using Laser-Based Profilometry to Locate and Measure Corrosion Fatigue Cracking in Boiler Tubes, Materials Evaluation, D The American Society of Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 556-560 (1993). 

Fig. XVn-6. Schematic of gravimetric apparatus for adsorption measurements. (From Ref. 30. Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 1995.)...

Figure C1.5.12.(A) Fluorescence decay of a single molecule of cresyl violet on an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface measured by time-correlated single photon counting. The solid line is tire fitted decay, a single exponential of 480 5 ps convolved witli tire instmment response function of 160 ps fwiim. The decay, which is considerably faster tlian tire natural fluorescence lifetime of cresyl violet, is due to electron transfer from tire excited cresyl violet (D ) to tire conduction band or energetically accessible surface electronic states of ITO. (B) Distribution of lifetimes for 40 different single molecules showing a broad distribution of electron transfer rates. Reprinted witli pennission from Lu andXie [1381. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.

The American Chemical Society s Committee on Environmental Improvement defines standardization as the process of determining the relationship between the measured signal and the amount of analyte. A method is considered standardized when the value of k in equation 5.1 or 5.2 is known. 

Acryhc fibers discolor and decompose rather than melting when heated, but they have very good color and heat stabihty at temperatures less than I20°C. In a study by American Cyanamid (using Federal Test Specification TT-P-I4Ia. Method 425.2) the yeUowness of acryhc fiber was measured as a function of temperature. Compared to a value of 0.0 for a pure white body, the original fiber had a yeUowness index of 0.04—0.10. After 30 minutes of exposure at II5°C the yeUowness increased only slightly to 0.II—0.17. After 6 h at I30°C, however, the yeUowness increased to 0.38—0.41. 

One problem associated with discussing flame retardants is the lack of a clear, uniform definition of flammabiHty. Hence, no clear, uniform definition of decreased flammabiHty exists. The latest American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) compilation of fire tests Hsts over one hundred methods for assessing the flammabiHty of materials (2). These range in severity from small-scale measures of the ignitabiHty of a material to actual testing in a full-scale fire. Several of the most common tests used on plastics are summarized in Table 1. 

E. J. Largent, "MetaboHsm of Inorganic Fluoride" ia Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washiagton, D.C., 1954, pp. 49—78. 

The octane numbers of many pure compounds have been measured and reported in the Hterature. Probably the most comprehensive project was carried out under the auspices of the American Petroleum Institute (18). Table 2 Hsts RON and MON values for a number of representative compounds. Some aromatic compounds cannot be tested neat in the knock engine, so these are evaluated at levels of 20%, and the equivalent octane number is calculated. The values for oxygenates in Table 2 have been reported elsewhere (19). 

The octane number requirement (ONR) of a car is the octane number which causes barely audible, ie, trace knock when driven by a trained rater. The Coordinating Research Council (CRC), a research organi2ation funded joindy by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), has defined test procedures for measuring ONR. Each car is driven under a set of light and heavy accelerations until the most sensitive driving mode is determined. Then a series of fuels is mn in the car until trace knock is determined. Each year, CRC members measure ONR of more than 100 cars and pubHsh the results. 

K. T. Hartwig, "An Eddy-Current Decay Technique for Low Temperature Resistivity Measurements," in G. Birnbaum and G. Eree, eds.,ASTM STP 722, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1981, pp. 157—172. 

Various colorimetric methods have been employed for measuring ozone residuals, although most of these ate susceptible to significant interferences (142). The indigo trisulfonate method (143), however, has been approved by the Standard Methods Committee of the American Pubfle Health Association (141) and the International Ozone Association for ozone residual measurement. 

Three frequently specified properties are density—specific gravity—API gravity, characterization factor, and sulfur content (2,6,7). The API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity is a measure of density or specific gravity (sp gr) ... 

To analy2e fatty amines, both wet and instmmental methods of analysis are used. Wet methods routinely used are total amine value (ASTM Method D2073) combining weight or neutralization equivalent primary, secondary, and tertiary amine content (ASTM Method D2083) moisture, Kad-Fischer (ASTM Method D2072) and iodine value, measure of unsaturation (ASTM Method D2075). These provide important information on physical and chemical characteristics of the amine products used in various appHcation areas (8,76,81). In addition to the ASTM methods available, the American Oil Chemists Society has developed methods of analysis for fatty amines (82). 

There are many ways to measure these properties and some of them are proprietary. However, most laboratory tests are standardized by American Standard Testing Methods (ASTM). Many of them are interactive to various degrees. The rate and state of vulcanization is especially important to consider for components of heavier and thicker tines. The heat used to vulcanize the tine in a mold under pressure requites time to penetrate from both sides of the giant tine to the innermost portions. Securing a balanced state of cure, ie, the maximizing of physical properties in all the components, results in the innermost components having a faster rate of cure. The peripheral compounds should have a cure system which holds its physical properties well when overcured. 

W. Bigot, Dynamic Measurement Practices of Elastomeric Materials and Components, presented at the CL Meeting of the 147th Rubber Division, Philadelphia, Pa., May 2—5, 1995, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Although color and turbidity of acid products are important properties, there is Httie standardization in such measurements. A ftequentiy used procedure is to determine color and turbidity by comparison with standards originally developed by the American PubHc Health Association (APHA) for examination of water (151). 

Researchers had noted the release of formaldehyde by chemically treated fabric under prolonged hot, humid conditions (85,86). The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 112 (87), or the sealed-jar test, developed in the United States and used extensively for 25 years, measures the formaldehyde release as a vapor from fabric stored over water in a sealed jar for 20 hours at 49°C. The method can also be carried out for 4 hours at 65°C. Results from this test have been used to eliminate less stable finishes. 

The surface burning characteristics (flame spread index and smoke developed index) for wood and wood products as measured by American Society for Testing and Materials (44) can be reduced with fire retardant treatments, either chemical impregnation or coatings (48). Fire retardant treatments also reduce the heat release rate of a burning piece of wood (49,50). The heat release rates (51) of the burning materials are an important factor in fire growth. 

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

A.STM B636, Std. Methodfor Measurement of Internal Stress of Plated Metallic Coatings with the Spiral Contractometer, American Society for Testing and... 

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