Review questions

This is where you get a chance to practice your multiple-choice test-taking skills. Take it as a test, within the specified time frame. We have attempted to word the questions as closely as possible to the way the questions will be worded on the AP Exam. 

Answer the following questions. You have 25 minutes. You may not use a calculator. You may use the periodic table in the back of the book. 

In most of its compounds, this element exists as a monatomic cation. 

This element may form a compound with the formula CaX04. 

Which of the following elements may occur in the greatest number of different oxidation states  

The difference in electrical potential of a cell made up of a Zn electrode (anode) and H2 electrode (cathode) immersed in 0.5 m ZnCl2 is +590 mV (i.e., with Zn as the LHE, Ecell = +590 mV). What is the pH of the solution YZn2+ at this concentration is estimated to be 0.38. 

Tin cans are made from tin-coated steel. At breaks in the tin coating, both tin and iron are in contact with the contained solution. If tin ions (Sn2+) and iron ions (Fe2+) are in the solution, then the following reaction is to be considered  

Calculate the theoretical tendency for nickel to corrode (Ecell) in deaerated water (pH = 7). Assume the corrosion product is Ni(OH)2, the solubility product of which is 1.6 x 1(H6. (Ref 11) 

Determine whether silver will corrode with H2 gas evolution (1 atm) in deaerated KCN solution under the conditions pH = 8, acN aAg(CN)j — 0.001. (Ref 11) 

Determine the pressure of hydrogen required to stop corrosion of iron immersed in a deaerated 0.1 m FeCl2 solution at pH = 3. Assume YFe2+ = 1.0. (Ref 11) 

The world requirement for lactic acid is increasing rapidly. Your company has decided to build three new plants each with a capacity of 50 000 tonnes per year. The locations for the new plants have been 

Construct a LCA process flow sheet for a PET drinks bottle, indicating what data you would wish to collect. Compare this with a similar LCA for an aluminium can. Discuss the meaning of the term Functional Unit in this context. 

Review a recent synthetic reaction you have carried out in the laboratory. Write a balanced equation for the reaction(s) and calculate the atom economy. From your experimental results calculate the Yield, E-factor and Effective Mass Yield (ignoring any water used). Identify ways in which this reaction could be made greener. 

You are the Production Manager for a plant producing adipic acid by the nitric acid oxidation of a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. Your company is preparing for ISO 14001 registration. 

University of California report on MTBE, 1998, http.V/www.tsrtp. ucdavis. edu. mtberpt. 

Provide a definition for the term drug as adopted in this book. 

Describe the process from drug discovery to approval. 

Describe the role of regulatory bodies such as the FDA and EMEA. What are their main concerns about drugs  

Explain the reason for the high R D cost for drugs, and discuss how the cost can be reduced. 

Explain why intellectual properties are important to pharmaceutical companies and how they can be protected. Give examples to illustrate. 

Name at least five industrial products in colloidal form and discuss what colloidal properties are essential for each of them. 

Name at least five examples in which a large surface area is desirable either from the processing standpoint or from the functionality of the end product. 

What are lyophilic colloids What are lyophobic colloids Give some examples. 

What are the difficulties with the characterization of colloids as lyophilic or lyophobic  

What is the meaning of stability as used in the context of colloids What is the difference between kinetic stability and thermodynamic stability of a colloid  

Which 16th century scientist was important in the development of toxicology and why  

Why is cycasin only carcinogenic when ingested by mouth  

How many times more toxic is botulinum toxin than nicotine in the rat  

Albert A. Selective Toxicity. London Chapman Hall, 1979. 

Aldridge WN. Mechanisms and Concepts in Toxicology. London Taylor Francis, 1996. 

Evaluate the following exponential expressions. You should not need to use your calculator. 

What is an exact number How many significant figures are in an exact number  

Differentiate between accuracy and precision and describe how to assess and improve each. 

The density of water is 62 lb/ft3. The specific gravity of gold is 19.3. What is the density of gold in lb/ft3  

Evaluate the value of k, which, though of no particular importance to you at this time, is the famous Boltzmann constant. 

Is it better to have an air or fuel distribution manifold for a row of burners built curvy and streamlined or big and boxy  

Big and boxy, unless you can afford time and money for a computer-designed and fabricated streamlined design that can assure uniform distribution to all burners at all firing rates. A big plenum box is ideal. 

Are the requirements for combustion the same as the requirements for an explosion  

but almost. An explosion has all the requirements of combustion, except that it is not steady state, and instead requires accumulation of a combustible mixture of fuel and air, and sometimes confinement. 

How does air/fiiel ratio affect product quality  

Three overall classes of plastics are distinguished from one another. They monomers 

Polycarbonate (PC), from which Compact Disks are molded, is amorphous 

The intermolecular forces which operate in the crystalline state are con- weaker 

Injection molding requires that the polymer is in a state described thermoplastic 

Explain what is a linear, a branched, a star-shaped, a comb-shaped, and a ladder polymer. 

What is the difference between random and alternating copolymers  

What is meant by graft and block copolymers Can you illustrate  

What are the important features of chain-growth and step-growth polymerizations Can you explain the difference between the two Can you suggest an analytical procedure to determine by what mechanism a particular polymerization reaction takes place  

What is the DP of polystyrene with molecular weight of 104,000 and poly(vinyl chloride) with molecular weight of 630,000  

An example of an asymmetric induction from optically inactive monomers is an anionic polymerization of esters of butadiene carboxylic acids with (/ )-2-methylbutyUithium or with butyUithium complexed with (—)methyl ethyl ether as the catalyst. (This type of polymerization reaction is described in Chap. 4) The products, tritactic polymers exhibit small, but measurable optical rotations [78]. Also, when benzofuran, that exhibits no optical activity, is polymerized by cationic catalysts like aluminum chloride complexed with an optically active co catalyst, like phenylalanine, an optically active polymer is obtained [77]. 

By contrast, an example of formation of enantioselective polymer from achiral monomers, where the chirality is inherent in the main chain is polymerization of 1,5-hexadiene with an optically active catalyst [77]. The catalyst precursors are (R,R) or (S,S)-[ethylene-l,2-bis(r -4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-l-indenyl)zirconium (l,l -by-l-naphtholate). The product is an optically active version of poly(methy-lene-1,3-cyclopentane)  

This polymer is highly isotactic and contains 72% trans rings. 

It was also observed that conjugated polymers that are also electrical conductors (see Chap. 10) exhibit optical activity that depends critically on their structural organization [78]. Thus, strong chiroptical properties can be obtained firom substituted polythiophene [79] (Chap. 10) with optically active side chains, especially when the monomers are coupled within the polymer in a regioregular head-to-tail fashion. Actually, optical activity of these materials is only found when the polymers are aggregated at low temperature, in poor solvent, or in solution cast films. This contrasts with other optically active polymers, like polypeptides, poly(l-alkynes) and polyisocyanates that show an optically active conformation of the main chain in the absence of supramolecular association. 

In addition, it was shown that a repetitive inversion of optical activity in films can be obtained by warming and cooling cycles, where the cooling rate determines the handedness of the associates [78]. A similar result concerning inversion of chirality has been found in solution, depending on the composition of a binary solvent mixture. 

Some solids have a crystalline structure, while others have 

Determine whether each of the following statements refers 

Which of the gases listed in Table 1.1 are not pure substances  

When the stopper is removed from a partly filled bottle containing solid and liquid acetic acid at 16.7°C, a strong vinegarlike odor is noticeable immediately. How many acetic acid phases must be present in the bottle Explain. 

Is the system enclosed in the bottle in Question 10 homogeneous or heterogeneous Explain. 

Some EOS theories predict negative pressures for certain values of temperature and specific volume. Are negative pressure values spurious  

What is the significance of the mathematical model predictions of negative pressure  

Does a critical point exist between the solid and vapor phase in the P/T diagram of pure substances  

Can the volume expansivity take on negative values for polymeric 

For certain models, the EOS theory predicts multiple volumes for a given pressure and temperature How would you decide which is the right one  

List three differences between high school and college. 

What is your motivation for pursuing a career in process technology  

List five significant events in the history and development of the chemical processing industry. 

What tools must a student acquire and use to be successful in a process technology program  

List all process technology classes offered at your school. 

VAN Haaren, R., Themelis, N., and Goldstein, N. (2010) The state of garbage in America, l National Survey of MSW Management in the U.S. BioCycle. http //www.biocycle.net/images/art/1010/bcl01016 s.pdf (June 2014). 

and Savi, M. (2010) Analysis of global warming dynamics from temperature time series. Ecological Modelling, 221 1964-1978. 

Ricciardulli, L., Hilburn, K., and Mears, C. (2007) How much more rain will global warming bring Science, 317 5835-5843. 

and Cretney, W. (1974) Quantitative tar and plastic waste distributions in the Pacific Ocean. Nature, 246 30-32. 

World Glacier Inventory Documentation (2012) http //nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/ gOl 130 glacier inventory/ (last accessed April 2012). 

An algorithm for determining the point groups of molecules is provided inside the back cover of this book. The algorithm and character tables are available in the on-line supplement for Chapter 2. 

1 Calculate the frequency in hertz and the energy in kJ mol of (i) an electronic transition 

What is the wavelength of a photon that has twice the amount of energy as a photon whose wavelength is 300 nm  

Use the point-group decision tree inside the back cover to assign the point group of each of the following molecules. 

Name the earliest polymer mentioned and where it came from. 

Explain the distinction between a mixture, a solution, a suspension and a colloid. 

Who was the first person to clearly understand the nature of polymers  

Name the five separate technologies from which Polymer Science is said to have evolved. 

Name two Scots who did early work on mathematical models for viscoelastic behavior. 

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) initiated 

What Section of the OSH Act requires employers to maintain records  

Name two of the three agencies that administer the major requirements of the OSH Act. 

Building Codes addresses fire safety requirements with respect 

James P., Friend, Mark A., and Winterberger, Celeste A. Fundamentals of occupational safety and health, Government Institutes, 1996. 

There are a number of past and present commercial routes to phenol using benzene as a feed stock. Outline two such processes, writing balanced equations for the reactions involved. Compare the two routes in terms of atom economy. 

Anthraquinone is widely use in the manufacture of a range of dyes. Two possible routes for manufacturing anthraquinone are (1) from the reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone with butadiene and (2) reaction of benzene with phthalic anhydride. Describe mechanisms for both these reactions and identity likely reaction conditions and any other reagents required. Compare the atom economy of the two routes. Identity three factors for each route that may influence the commercial viability. 

Give an example of an SnI and an Sn2 reaction, explaining the mechanism and calculating the atom economy of the reaction. Suggest alternative synthetic routes to your products that are more atom economic. 

Show how styrene can be prepared using the following reactions somewhere in your synthetic procedure, (a) Hofmann elimination, (b) Grignard reaction, (c) Diels-Alder reaction. Compare the atom economies of each process. Identify any issues raised by using this approach to determine the most efficient synthetic route. 

Anastas and J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry Theory and Practice , Oxford University Press, Oxford 1998. 

In a chemical reaction, what is the limiting reactant The theoretical yield The percent yield What do we mean when we say a reactant is in excess  

We typically calculate the percent yield using the actual yield and theoretical yield in units of mass (g or kg). Would the percent yield be different if the actual yield and theoretical yield were in units of amount (moles)  

Explain how a strong electrolyte, a weak electrolyte, and a nonelectrolyte differ. 

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Goetsch, David I., and Stanley B. Davis. ISO 14000 Environmental Management. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2000. - Publisher information says that this book is written as a practical teaching resource and how-to guide. Each chapter contains a list of key concepts, review questions, critical thinking problems, and discussion cases with related questions. 

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