Pollution marine

Transportation of carbon disulfide is controlled by federal regulations (113). Acceptable shipping containers include dmms, tank tmcks, special portable tanks, and rail tank cars. Barges have been used in the past. The United States Department of Transportation classifies carbon disulfide as a flammable bquid and a poison. For ship transport, carbon disulfide must be marked as a marine pollutant (114). AH air transport, cargo, or passenger, is forbidden (115). 

As indicated above, national policies and international conventions have been invoked to curb known, and usually obvious, sources of marine pollution. National legislation is used to control coastal discharges of contaminants. A major problem remains owing to the inadequate treatment of sewage prior to emission from land-based sources. The most important deleterious effects in this case are with respect to microbial water quality. This can have a direct influence on bathing criteria and result in beach closures during contamination episodes. An additional problem from land-based sources pertains to transboundary effects, whereby pollution may inadvertently be exported from one country to another. 

SI 1997/2367 Marine Pollution - Merchant Shipping - Safety - The Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods... 

COM(98j769 Proposal setting up a Community framework for co-operation with regard to accidental marine pollution... 

Levy, E. M. Ehrhardt, M. Kohnke, D. Sobtchenko, E. Suzuoki, T. Tokuhiro, A. Oil Pollution, Results of MAPMOPP, The IGOSS Pilot Project On Marine Pollution (Petroleum) Monitoring Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris. 1981 35 pp. Levy, E.M. Ambio 1984, 13, 226-235. 

Apart from release into air, which is important globally, the direct transfer of PAH to water or land surfaces can be very important locally. Wreckages of oil tankers and discharges from oil terminals cause marine pollution by crude oil, which contains appreciable quantities of PAH. Disposal of waste containing PAH around industrial premises has caused serious pollution of land in some localities. 

Clark, R.B. (1992). Marine Pollution, 3rd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford—Offers a readable account of marine pollution caused by crude oil, but does not deal with biochemical aspects. 

Environmental Health Criteria 202 (1998). WHO, Geneva—Gives a very detailed account of the environmental toxicology of PAHs seen from the global point of view. However, it largely ignores marine pollution caused by oil spills. 

Cheng, Z. and Jensen, A. (1989). Accumulation of organic and inorganic tin in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, under natural conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20, 281-286. 

Koeman, J.H. and van Genderen, H. (1970). Tissue levels in animals and effects caused by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, chlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in the marine environment along the Netherlands coast. FAO Technical Conference on Marine Pollution. Rome, December 1970. 

Langston, W.J., Bnrt, G.R., and Mingjiang, Z. (1987). Tin and organotin in water, sediments, and benthic organisms of Poole Harbour. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 634—639. 

Livingstone, D.R. (1985). Responses of the detoxification/toxication enzyme system of molluscs to organic pollutants and xenobiotics. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16, 158-164. 

Rees, H.L., Waldock, R., and Matthiessen, P. et al. (2001). Improvements in the epifauna of the Crouch Estuary (United Kingdom) following a decline in TBT concentrations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 137-144. 

Su C, Goldberg ED. 1976. Environmental concentration and fluxes of some halocarbons. In Windom HL, Duce RA, eds. Marine pollutant transfer. Lexington, MA 353-374. 

Jorgensen LA, Pedersen B. 1994. Trace metals in fish used for time trend analysis and as environmental indicators. Marine Pollut Bull 28 235-243. 

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