Estuarine ecosystems

Biodegradation aerobic t,/2 = 14616-33600 h, based on mineralization half-life in fresh water and estuarine ecosystems (Heitkamp 1988 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) ... 

Stevenson, J.C., T.W. Jones, W.M. Kemp, W.R. Boynton, and J.C. Means. 1982. An overview of atrazine dynamics in estuarine ecosystems. Pages 71-94 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Agrichemicals and Estuarine Productivity, Beaufort, North Carolina, September 18-19, 1980. Avail, from Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin., Off. Mar. Pollut. Assess., Boulder, CO. 

Schoor, W.P. 1979. Distribution of mirex in an experimental estuarine ecosystem. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 315-321. 

Phillips, D.J.H. and R.B. Spies. 1988. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the San Francisco estuarine ecosystem. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 19 445-453. 

Potera, G.T. The effects of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene on several important members of the estuarine ecosystem, Ph.D. Thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 1975. 

Buckley EN, Jonas RB, Pfaender FK. 1976. Characterization of microbial isolates from an estuarine ecosystem Relationship of hydrocarbon utilization to ambient hydrocarbon concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 32(2) 232-237. 

Gearing PJ, Gearing IN, Pruell RJ, et al. 1980. Partitioning of no. 2 fuel oil in controlled estuarine ecosystems Sediments and suspended particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 14(9) 1129-1136. 

Johnson, B.T., and Long, E.R. (1998). Rapid toxicity assessment of sediments from estuarine ecosystems a new tandem in vitro testing approach. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17 1099-1106. 

Heitkamp, M. A. Cerniglia, C. E. (1987). The effects of chemical structure and exposure on the microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 6, 535—46. 

Fig. 6. Approximate present-day annual rates of input of lead and copper per unit area of various terrestrial and estuarine ecosystems in the United States. Data for upland areas from numerous sources summarized by Nixon and Lee (in press). Estuarine inputs from T.M. Church, University of Delaware (person.communication) for Delaware Bay Bradford and Luoma (19S0) for San Francisco Bay Bieri et al. (1982) for Chesapeake Bay Mueller, Gerrish and Casey (1982) for the Hudson-Raritan estuary various sources noted in this paper for Narragansett Bay.

Gearing, 3.N. and Gearing, P.3., 1983. Suspended load and solubility affect sedimentation of petroleum hydrocarbons in controlled estuarine ecosystems. Can. 3. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40(2) 54-62. 

Lasserre, P., 1980. Energetic role of meiofauna and epifaunal deposit-feeders In increasing level of microbial activity in estuarine ecosystems, at the water-sediment interface. Actes Colloq. int. CNRS, Paris., 293 309-318. 

Dame, R. F. 1993. The role of bivalve filter feeder material fluxes in estuarine ecosystems. In Bivalve Filter Feeders in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Processes (R. F. Dame, Ed.), pp. 245-269. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

It offers the possibility of incorporating any bioassay that is currently available. It thus provides the current best estimate of relative hazard for the sites being investigated. There is however a continuing need to develop, both for freshwater and marine or estuarine ecosystems, a battery of validated toxicity tests with sensitive species for whole sediment, wet sediment, organic extract, and pore water. 

Klaine SJ, Richards P, Baker D, Naddy R, Brown T, Joab B, Casey R, Fernandez D, Over-meyer J, Benjamin R. 1997. Agrochemical fate and effects in terrestrial, aquatic and estuarine ecosystems. Environmental Behaviour of Crop Protection Chemicals Proceedings of an international symposium on the use of nuclear and related techniques for studying the behaviour of crop protection chemicals. Vienna (Austria) International Atomic Energy Agency, p 247-263. 

Howarth, R.W., Fruci, J.R., and Sherman, D. (1991) Inputs of sediment and carbon to an estuarine ecosystem influence of land use. Ecol. Appl. 1, 27-39. 

Odum, E. P., and de la Cruz, A.A. (1967) Particulate organic detritus in a Georgia salt marsh-estuarine ecosystem In Estuaries (Lauff, GH., ed.), pp. 383-388, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC. 

Parsons, T.R., and Lee Chen, Y.L. (1995) The comparative ecology of a subarctic and tropical estuarine ecosystem as measured with carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 41, 215-224. 

Pinckney, J.L., and Zingmark, R.A. (1993) Modeling the annual production of intertidal benthic microalgae in estuarine ecosystems J. Phycol. 2, 396 -07. 

Morshina, T.N., Fluoride cycles in an estuarine ecosystem, Total Environ., 17, 223, 1980. 

Due to the paucity of reports, we can only speculate on the importance of marine fungi in biogeochemical cycling. Also, because of the dependence of fungi on carbon, it can be expected that their abundance will be determined mostly by the availability of carbon, which increases from the open oceans to coastal seas, to coastal and estuarine ecosystems, such as salt marshes. No doubt partly due to their relative accessibility, salt marshes are the most studied marine ecosystems in relation to fungi. 

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