Hazard assessment aquatic pollution

WHOI-2 1984 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, Massachusetts Zeep RG (1980) Assessing the photochemistry of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. In Haque R (ed) Dynamics exposure and hazard assessment of toxic chemicals. Ann Arbor Sci, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 69-110... 

Valschnav, D. "Biochemical oxygen demand data base" Call, D.J. Brooke, L.T. Valschnav, D. AQUATIC POLLUTANT HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARD PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY BY QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS. University of Wisconsin, Superior research project report (CR809234) 1984. 

Zepp, R. G., Assessing the photochemistry of organic pollutants in aquatic environments . In Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals, R. Haque, Ed., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980, pp. 69-109. 

Bailey H, Development and testing of a laboratory model ecosystem for use in evaluating biological effects and chemical fate of pollutants, in Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment Fifth Conference, ASTM STP 766, Pearson J, Foster R, and Bishop W, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1982, p. 221. 

Perhaps the weakest link in hazard assessment is the process of extrapolating from laboratory data to actual aquatic ecosystems. While reproductive tolerances can be established accurately for test populations, it is difficult to assess at what point diminished reproductive potential significantly affects population dynamics in natural communities. Though this is a complex problem, one aspect of this dilemma is the lack of precise knowledge of the reproductive resiliency of different aquatic species. In this regard, we must understand the effects of both pollution stress and natural environmental stress, and the two should be taken in consort when evaluating aquatic hazards. 

To provide a better understanding of toxic impacts on aquatic ecosystems, cause-effect relationships between changes in biodiversity and the impact of environmental pollution as causative factor as well as the underlying processes. This included the assessment of sub-lethal effects in vitro and in vivo as early warning strategies and of their strength to predict potential hazards to the ecosystem. 

Another model, used in the USA, is the OASYS Pollution Prevention Optional Analysis System, developed by the Toxic Use Reduction Institute. Technologies are assessed on a variety of hazard criteria, including acute and chronic human toxicity, physical properties, aquatic impacts, persistence/bioaccumulation, atmospheric releases, disposal, chemical properties, energy/resource use, product hazard and exposure potential. Alternatives are rated to... 

The pT-method can also be applied to assess liquids (untreated and treated wastewater, surface waters and groundwater). All data from aquatic toxicity tests used to detect pollutants can be integrated into this method. A general description of the pT-method is given in Chapter 3 of this volume. The present chapter specifically addresses the application of the pT-method to sediments and dredged material in order to classify and categorize the hazard associated with the degree of contamination of these matrices. 

As stated by Johnson (1993), "hazardous waste becomes a problem when it moves", Because water is the main vector for transporting pollutants from wastes towards receiving ecosystems, WASTOXHAS, presented hereinafter, is only focused on ecotoxicological assessment of different leachates with aquatic bioassays. 

In Figure 6-1 (from Ahlf Munawar, 1988, after Calamari et al., 1979) the proposed strategy for risk assessment of sediment-associated pollutants is shown. The solid lines indicate the direction of increasing difficulty and specificity of each level. The dotted lines show that at each level, a risk assessment is possible when the results of the test represents either a toxic or hazardous bioconcentration of contaminants. Different types of biological tests have been applied on polluted sediments, either on liquid-phase or water-column effect, and those concerned with effects of solid-bound contaminants, which are ingested by aquatic organisms ... 

Cai Y, Rooker JR, GiU GA, Turner JP (2007) Bioaccumulation of mercury in pelagic fishes from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 64 458-469 Carrasco L, Dfez S, Soto D, Catalan J, Bayona J (2008) Assessment of mercury and methylmer-cury pollution with zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Ebro River (NE Spain) impacted by industrial hazardous dumps. Sci Total Environ 407 178-184 Carre6n-Martfnez LB, Huerta-Dfaz MA, Nava-Lopez C, Sequeiros-Valencia A (2001) Mercury and silver concentrations in sediments from the Port of Ensenada, Baja Califomia, Mexico. Mar PoUut Bull 42 415-418... 

The non-measurable vapour pressure is a reason why ILs are frequently uncritically regarded as inherently environmentally friendly compounds. The loss of ILs is low, so a potential source of air pollution or inhalation is eliminated. Nevertheless, if one does classify ILs as "green" chemicals, questions such toxicity and persistence in the environment must also be addressed. The application of ILs on an industrial scale may p>ose an environmental hazard as a result of their transport, storage, technical breakdown, discharge in wastewaters etc. Therefore, in order to responsibly apply ILs in industrial processes, investigations of their fate and behaviour in the relevant environmental comp>artments (degradation, sorption etc.) and a proper risk assessment of ILs in the soil and aquatic environment (toxicity) must be imdertaken and taken into consideration. The biodegradabihty of ILs, their toxicity and sorption in the environment are also briefly discussed in this chapter. 

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