Testing, biological

Gram-negative E. coli 25922 Reference FDA strain Seattle 1946 [DSM 1103, NCIB 12210] PEN VAN AMP CLI CL 

Gram-positive MRSA ATCC 43300 Reference Kansas Human AMP PEN OXA MET AXO CIP LEVO GAT ERY CLI 

MRSA Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ARP Antibiotic Resistance Profile AMC Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid C-Chloramphenicol F Furazolidone Fc FlOTfenicol Gm Gentamycin N Neomycin NAL Nalidixic acid S Streptomycin Su Sulfonamides TFT Tetracycline TMP Trimetoprim AMP ampieillin PEN penicillin OXA oxacillin MET methicillin AXO ceftriaxone CIP ciprofloxacin LEVO levofloxacin GAT gatifloxacin ERY et34bromycin CLI clindamycin CL Cephalexin 

Note Decreased growth and altered phenotype Change in the strain phenotype compounds that showed activity against the tested strains - The maximum concentration of compounds tested was 100 mg/L 

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Virtual screening allows the scope of screening to be extended to external databases. When this is done, increasingly diverse hits can be identified. The application of virtual. screening techniques before or in parallel with HTS hclp.s to reduce the assay-to-lcad attrition rate observed from HTS. In addition, virtual screening is faster and less expensive than experimental synthesis and biological testing. 

Dunn W J III, S Wold, U Edlund, S Hellberg and J Gasteiger 1984. Multivariate Structure-Activib Relationships Between Data from a Battery of Biological Tests and an Ensemble of Structur Descriptors The PLS Method. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 3 131-137. 

The area of nonsteroidal antiestrogens along with other classes of nonsteroidal antagonists of sex-steroid hormone action has been reviewed to 1986, and these compounds have been grouped by chemical stmcture as a basis of classification rather than any biochemical or biological test system utilized to assess antagonist activity (46). 

A monograph (1) covers the pioneering period of sulfa dmg development and describes over 5000 sulfanilamide derivatives, their preparation, properties, trade names, and biological testing. This review is remarkably complete through 1944. Several thousand additional derivatives have been made since, but no comparable coverage is available. A definitive account of medical appHcations up to 1960 has been pubHshed (2), and a review of experimental antibacterial aspects has been made (3). Chapters on general aspects of sulfonamides and sulfones have appeared (4,5). A review of the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole has been pubHshed (6). 

Consumer Products. The Consumer Product Safety Commission s (CPSC) labeling criteria under the Federal Ha2ardous Substances Act are based on biological testing. In the absence of specific data, CPSC requites specific cautionary statements for consumer products containing certain types and amounts of sodium siUcates (87). 

Instiximental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is considered the most informative and highly sensitive. Being applied, it allows detecting and determination of 30-40 elements with the sensitivity of 10 -10 g/g in one sample. The evident advantage of INAA is the ability to analyze samples of different nature (filters, soils, plants, biological tests, etc.) without any complex schemes of preliminai y prepai ation. 

P Willett, V Wmterman, D Bawden. Implementation of nonhierarchic cluster analysis methods m chemical information systems Selection of compounds for biological testing and clustering of substiaictures search output. I Chem Inf Comput Sci 26 109-118, 1986. 

There is a voluminous literature on the subject of amoebicidal agents, which is summarised up to 1932 by Fischl and Schlossberger. Recent work includes the clinical comparison by Manson-Bahr of a number of possible substitutes for emetine, the introduction of improved methods for the biological testing of potential amoebicides of which the papers by Jones and by Goodwin, Hoare and Sharp afford examples, and work... 

Aconitine produces an intense tingling sensation when a drop of a solution, 1 in 10,000, is applied to the tip of the tongue. It also gives a characteristic unstable, crystalline precipitate when a few drops of potassium permanganate solution are added to a solution of the alkaloid in dilute acetic acid. The formation of acetic acid when the alkaloid is heated dry, or of benzoic acid when it is hydrolysed by alkali, have also been suggested as identification tests. For the recognition of minute quantities a biological test is probably the best procedure. ... 

Combinatorial chemistry (Section 27.18) A method for carrying out a large number of reactions on a small scale in the solid phase so as to generate a library of related compounds for further study, such as biological testing. 

Biological testing of these compounds against some Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria species showed that all prepared substances had a remarkable bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. 

Preliminary biological tests showed the compatibility of Im Hb with blood and the theoretical possibility of intravenous injection and functioning in the organism. The use of microparticles of Im Hb with a covalently bonded marker permitted the determination of the time of microparticle circulation in the blood channel of rats. After 7 h. of observation, up to 30% of the introduced amount of Im Hb was retained in the blood of the animals. 

Quality Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Testing of Medicinal Products 11... 

The FDA did not include outlier tests in the USP for chemical assays, but allowed the practice for biological tests. The reason for this could be that because of the high precision, n is usually small in chemical testing with n < 3, outlier tests cannot be conducted. It appears that Judge Wolin followed this recommendation when deliberating his decision. 

The previous sections have summarized the basic techniques available for searching chemical databases for specific types of query. Another important database application is compound selection, the ability to select a subset of a database for submission to a biological testing program. The selection procedure can be applied to in-house databases, to externally available compound collections, or to virtual libraries, that is, sets of compounds that could potentially be synthesized. 

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